{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:06:10Z","timestamp":1780502770223,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EIT Health","award":["P2-0209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0209"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Falls by the elderly pose considerable health hazards, leading not only to physical harm but a number of other related problems. A timely alert about a deteriorating gait, as an indication of an impending fall, can assist in fall prevention. In this investigation, a comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted between a commercially available mobile phone system and two wristband systems: one commercially available and another representing a novel approach. Each system was equipped with a singular three-axis accelerometer. The walk suggestive of a potential fall was induced by special glasses worn by the participants. The same standard machine-learning techniques were employed for the classification with all three systems based on a single three-axis accelerometer, yielding a best average accuracy of 86%, a specificity of 88%, and a sensitivity of 86% via the support vector machine (SVM) method using a wristband. A smartphone, on the other hand, achieved a best average accuracy of 73% also with an SVM using only a three-axis accelerometer sensor. The significance analysis of the mean accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity between the innovative wristband and the smartphone yielded a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, the study applied unsupervised and semi-supervised learning methods, incorporating principal component analysis and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. To sum up, both wristbands demonstrated the usability of wearable sensors in the early detection and mitigation of falls in the elderly, outperforming the smartphone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T06:16:48Z","timestamp":1696832208000},"page":"8294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Predicting a Fall Based on Gait Anomaly Detection: A Comparative Study of Wrist-Worn Three-Axis and Mobile Phone-Based Accelerometer Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Primo\u017e","family":"Kocuvan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Hrasti\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FE), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kareska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5747-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matja\u017e","family":"Gams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181e89905","article-title":"Risk Factors for Falls in Community-dwelling Older People: \u201cA Systematic Review and Meta-analysis\u201d","volume":"21","author":"Silvia","year":"2010","journal-title":"JSTOR Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiprijanovska, I., Gjoreski, H., and Gams, M. 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