{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T02:13:38Z","timestamp":1775614418506,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62005217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3102020QD1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3102020QD1002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021KWZ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KWZ-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62005217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3102020QD1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3102020QD1002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021KWZ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KWZ-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key R&amp;D Program","award":["62005217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005217"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key R&amp;D Program","award":["3102020QD1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3102020QD1002"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2021KWZ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KWZ-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In contrast to traditional phase-shifting (PS) algorithms, which rely on capturing multiple fringe patterns with different phase shifts, digital PS algorithms provide a competitive alternative to relative phase retrieval, which achieves improved efficiency since only one pattern is required for multiple PS pattern generation. Recent deep learning-based algorithms further enhance the retrieved phase quality of complex surfaces with discontinuity, achieving state-of-the-art performance. However, since much attention has been paid to understanding image intensity mapping, such as supervision via fringe intensity loss, global temporal dependency between patterns is often ignored, which leaves room for further improvement. In this paper, we propose a deep learning model-based digital PS algorithm, termed PSNet. A loss combining both local and global temporal information among the generated fringe patterns has been constructed, which forces the model to learn inter-frame dependency between adjacent patterns, and hence leads to the improved accuracy of PS pattern generation and the associated phase retrieval. Both simulation and real-world experimental results have demonstrated the efficacy and improvement of the proposed algorithm against the state of the art.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T06:16:48Z","timestamp":1696832208000},"page":"8305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["PSNet: A Deep Learning Model-Based Single-Shot Digital Phase-Shifting Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhaoshuai","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingqi","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.001922","article-title":"Four-step spatial phase-shifting shearing interferometry from moir\u00e9 configura-tion by triple gratings","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. 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