{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:46:30Z","timestamp":1760132790968,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52005214","JJKH20220986KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52005214","JJKH20220986KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["52005214","JJKH20220986KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52005214","JJKH20220986KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Piezoelectric accurate actuation plays an important role in industrial applications. The intrinsic frequency of previous actuators is invariable. However, variable frequency can approach the range near the low-intrinsic-frequency and realize a high actuation capability. The frequency-variable linear and rotary motion (FVLRM) principle is proposed for rotor-blade-based two-degree-of-freedom driving. Inertial force is generated by frequency-variable piezoelectric oscillators (FVPO), the base frequency and vibration modes of which are adjustable by the changeable mass and position of the mass block. The variable-frequency principle of FVPO and the FVLRM are recognized and verified by the simulations and experiments, respectively. The experiments show that the FVLRM prototype moves the fastest when the mass block is placed at the farthest position and the prototype is at the second-order intrinsic frequencies of 42 Hz and 43 Hz, achieving a linear motion of 3.52 mm\/s and a rotary motion of 286.9 mrad\/s. The actuator adopts a lower operating frequency of less than 60 Hz and has the function of adjusting the natural frequency. It can achieve linear and rotational motion with a larger working stroke with 140 mm linear movement and 360\u00b0 rotation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T06:16:48Z","timestamp":1696832208000},"page":"8314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Frequency-Variable Rotor-Blade-Based Two-Degree-of-Freedom Actuation Principle for Linear and Rotary Motion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiaotao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengjiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyou","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation College, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingshi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengjun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.12.013","article-title":"Transferring Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics into Application","volume":"35","author":"Webber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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