{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T23:46:24Z","timestamp":1774914384962,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNSW Scientia Fellowship","award":["PS46197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS46197"]}]},{"name":"UNSW Scientia Fellowship","award":["PS58173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS58173"]}]},{"name":"UNSW Start-up Grant","award":["PS46197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS46197"]}]},{"name":"UNSW Start-up Grant","award":["PS58173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS58173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are often caused by repetitive lifting, making them a significant concern in occupational health. Although wearable assist devices have become the norm for mitigating the risk of back pain, most spinal assist devices still possess a partially rigid structure that impacts the user\u2019s comfort and flexibility. This paper addresses this issue by presenting a smart textile-actuated spine assistance robotic exosuit (SARE), which can conform to the back seamlessly without impeding the user\u2019s movement and is incredibly lightweight. To detect strain on the spine and to control the smart textile automatically, a soft knitting sensor that utilizes fluid pressure as a sensing element is used. Based on the soft knitting hydraulic sensor, the robotic exosuit can also feature the ability of monitoring and rectifying human posture. The SARE is validated experimentally with human subjects (N = 4). Through wearing the SARE in stoop lifting, the peak electromyography (EMG) signals of the lumbar erector spinae are reduced by 22.8% \u00b1 12 for lifting 5 kg weights and 27.1% \u00b1 14 in empty-handed conditions. Moreover, the integrated EMG decreased by 34.7% \u00b1 11.8 for lifting 5 kg weights and 36% \u00b1 13.3 in empty-handed conditions. In summary, the artificial muscle wearable device represents an anatomical solution to reduce the risk of muscle strain, metabolic energy cost and back pain associated with repetitive lifting tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T07:37:50Z","timestamp":1696837070000},"page":"8329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Smart, Textile-Driven, Soft Exosuit for Spinal Assistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kefan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phuoc Thien","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibhu","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9930-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai Thanh","family":"Thai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trung Thien","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8113-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Cong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Nicotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung Manh","family":"La","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Robotics and Automation Lab, Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89512, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5065-5887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tat Thang","family":"Vo-Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1724-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoang-Phuong","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering (IHealthE), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel H.","family":"Lovell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering (IHealthE), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4980-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Nho","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering (IHealthE), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics (The Economics Daily, 2018). 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