{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:32:59Z","timestamp":1760149979156,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In industrial applications based on texture classification, efficient and fast classifiers are extremely useful for quality control of industrial processes. The classifier of texture images has to satisfy two requirements: It must be efficient and fast. In this work, a texture unit is coded in parallel, and using observation windows larger than 3\u00d73, a new texture spectrum called Texture Spectrum based on the Parallel Encoded Texture Unit (TS_PETU) is proposed, calculated, and used as a characteristic vector in a multi-class classifier, and then two image databases are classified. The first database contains images from the company Interceramic\u00ae\u00ae and the images were acquired under controlled conditions, and the second database contains tree stems and the images were acquired in natural environments. Based on our experimental results, the TS_PETU satisfied both requirements (efficiency and speed), was developed for binary images, and had high efficiency, and its compute time could be reduced by applying parallel coding concepts. The classification efficiency increased by using larger observational windows, and this one was selected based on the window size. Since the TS_PETU had high efficiency for Interceramic\u00ae\u00ae tile classification, we consider that the proposed technique has significant industrial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T10:23:42Z","timestamp":1696933422000},"page":"8368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A New Texture Spectrum Based on Parallel Encoded Texture Unit and Its Application on Image Classification: A Potential Prospect for Vision Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0041-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Trinidad","family":"Guillen Bonilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Electro-Fot\u00f3nica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd-M. Garc\u00eda Barrag\u00e1n 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy Elizabeth","family":"Franco Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd-M. Garc\u00eda Barrag\u00e1n 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8029-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Guillen Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Proyectos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd-M. Garc\u00eda Barrag\u00e1n 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Guillen Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales e Ingenier\u00edas, CUVALLES, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca Km. 45.5, Ameca 46600, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica Mar\u00eda","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Betancourtt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Proyectos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd-M. 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