{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:32:12Z","timestamp":1776929532581,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission","award":["950998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950998"]}]},{"name":"European Commission","award":["953432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953432"]}]},{"name":"European Commission","award":["BRIC2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRIC2021"]}]},{"name":"European Commission","award":["GR-2019-12369824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2019-12369824"]}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","award":["950998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950998"]}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","award":["953432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953432"]}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","award":["BRIC2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRIC2021"]}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","award":["GR-2019-12369824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2019-12369824"]}]},{"name":"INAIL institute","award":["950998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950998"]}]},{"name":"INAIL institute","award":["953432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953432"]}]},{"name":"INAIL institute","award":["BRIC2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRIC2021"]}]},{"name":"INAIL institute","award":["GR-2019-12369824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2019-12369824"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["950998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950998"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["953432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953432"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["BRIC2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRIC2021"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["GR-2019-12369824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2019-12369824"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When assessing trainees\u2019 progresses during a driving training program, instructors can only rely on the evaluation of a trainee\u2019s explicit behavior and their performance, without having any insight about the training effects at a cognitive level. However, being able to drive does not imply knowing how to drive safely in a complex scenario such as the road traffic. Indeed, the latter point involves mental aspects, such as the ability to manage and allocate one\u2019s mental effort appropriately, which are difficult to assess objectively. In this scenario, this study investigates the validity of deploying an electroencephalographic neurometric of mental effort, obtained through a wearable electroencephalographic device, to improve the assessment of the trainee. The study engaged 22 young people, without or with limited driving experience. They were asked to drive along five different but similar urban routes, while their brain activity was recorded through electroencephalography. Moreover, driving performance, subjective and reaction times measures were collected for a multimodal analysis. In terms of subjective and performance measures, no driving improvement could be detected either through the driver\u2019s subjective measures or through their driving performance. On the other side, through the electroencephalographic neurometric of mental effort, it was possible to catch their improvement in terms of mental performance, with a decrease in experienced mental demand after three repetitions of the driving training tasks. These results were confirmed by the analysis of reaction times, that significantly improved from the third repetition as well. Therefore, being able to measure when a task is less mentally demanding, and so more automatic, allows to deduce the degree of users training, becoming capable of handling additional tasks and reacting to unexpected events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T08:18:57Z","timestamp":1697012337000},"page":"8389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Neuroergonomic Approach Fostered by Wearable EEG for the Multimodal Assessment of Drivers Trainees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-051X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Di Flumeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Industrial Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Germano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Industrial Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering Antonio Ruberti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7174-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ronca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering Antonio Ruberti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8584-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Vozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Borghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Industrial Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-9110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Tamborra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0842-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Capotorto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Industrial Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Nicolina","family":"Sciaraffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Babiloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Industrial Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3831-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Aric\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering Antonio Ruberti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semin, G.R., and Fiedler, K. 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