{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:46:58Z","timestamp":1784116018095,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of time-lapse GPR measurements for the quality control of repairing operations (i.e., injections) on marble blocks. For the experimental activities, we used one of the preferred repairing fillers (epoxy resin) and some blocks from one of the world\u2019s most famous marble production area (Carrara quarries in Italy). The selected blocks were paired in a laboratory by overlapping one over the other after inserting very thin spacers in order to simulate air-filled fractures. Fractures were investigated with a 3 GHz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) before and after the resin injections to measure the amplitude reduction expected when the resin substitutes the air. The results were compared with theoretical predictions based on the reflection coefficient predicted according to the thin bed theory. A field test was also performed on a naturally fractured marble block selected along the Carrara shore. Both laboratory and field tests validate the GPR as an effective tool for the quality control of resin injections, provided that measurements include proper calibration tests to control the amplitude instabilities and drift effects of the GPR equipment. The method is accurate enough to distinguish the unfilled fractures from the partially filled fractures and from the totally filled fractures. An automatic algorithm was developed and successfully tested for the rapid quantitative analysis of the time-lapse GPR profiles collected before and after the injections. The whole procedure is mature enough to be proposed to the marble industry to improve the effectiveness of repair interventions and to reduce the waste of natural stone reserves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T08:32:57Z","timestamp":1697445177000},"page":"8490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Time-Lapse GPR Measurements to Monitor Resin Injection in Fractures of Marble Blocks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9426-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Zanzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8165-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjan","family":"Izadi-Yazdanabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76188, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Hydrodynamics, Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Ksi\u0119cia Janusza 64, 01-452 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-2383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Karimi-Nasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76188, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8761-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Arosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1950-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azadeh","family":"Hojat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mining Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76188, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ashmole, I., and Motloung, M. 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