{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T21:21:30Z","timestamp":1778707290252,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)-Korea Government (Ministry of Science and ICT)","award":["NRF-2020H1D3A1A04081545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020H1D3A1A04081545"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)-Korea Government (Ministry of Science and ICT)","award":["2021R1A4A2000934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A4A2000934"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)-Korea Government (Ministry of Science and ICT)","award":["2021R1F1A106 2800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A106 2800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Employing a combination of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thermoforming and 3D-printed cylindrical patterns, we carefully engineer a linear resistive temperature sensor. This intricate process involves initial PET thermoforming, yielding a hollow cylindrical chamber. This chamber is then precisely infused with a composite fluid of graphite and water glue. Ensuring electrical connectivity, both ends are affixed with metal wires and securely sealed using a hot gun. This cost-effective, versatile sensor adeptly gauges temperature shifts by assessing composite fluid resistance alterations. Its PET outer surface grants immunity to water and solubility concerns, enabling application in aquatic and aerial settings without extra encapsulation. Rigorous testing reveals the sensor\u2019s linearity and stability within a 10 \u00b0C to 60 \u00b0C range, whether submerged or airborne. Beyond 65 \u00b0C, plastic deformation arises. To mitigate hysteresis, a 58 \u00b0C operational limit is recommended. Examining fluidic composite width and length effects, we ascertain a 12 \u2126\/\u00b0C sensitivity for these linear sensors, a hallmark of their precision. Impressive response and recovery times of 4 and 8 s, respectively, highlight their efficiency. These findings endorse thermoforming\u2019s potential for fabricating advanced temperature sensors. This cost-effective approach\u2019s adaptability underscores its viability for diverse applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T08:25:09Z","timestamp":1697531109000},"page":"8506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preparation and Performance Analysis of 3D Thermoformed Fluidic Polymer Temperature Sensors for Aquatic and Terrestrial Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahan Zeb","family":"Gul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, AIR University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8716-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Applied Energy System, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4712-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Muqeet","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Applied Energy System, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zia","family":"Mohy Ud Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, AIR University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2747-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Applied Energy System, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Li, H., Wang, C., Pan, S., He, J., Liu, A., Wang, J., Sun, P., Liu, F., and Lu, G. 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