{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:00:39Z","timestamp":1780621239562,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSPD2023R868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R868"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a quad-element MIMO antenna designed for multiband operation. The prototype of the design is fabricated and utilizes a vector network analyzer (VNA-AV3672D) to measure the S-parameters. The proposed antenna is capable of operating across three broad frequency bands: 3\u201315.5 GHz, encompassing the C band (4\u20138 GHz), X band (8\u201312.4 GHz), and a significant portion of the Ku band (12.4\u201315.5 GHz). Additionally, it covers two mm-wave bands, specifically 26.4\u201334.3 GHz and 36.1\u201348.9 GHz, which corresponds to 86% of the Ka-band (27\u201340 GHz). To enhance its performance, the design incorporates a partial ground plane and a top patch featuring a dual-sided reverse 3-stage stair and a straight stick symmetrically placed at the bottom. The introduction of a defected ground structure (DGS) on the ground plane serves to provide a wideband response. The DGS on the ground plane plays a crucial role in improving the electromagnetic interaction between the grounding surface and the top patch, contributing to the wideband characteristics of the antenna. The dimensions of the proposed MIMO antenna are 31.7 mm \u00d7 31.7 mm \u00d7 1.6 mm. Furthermore, the article delves into the assessment of various performance metrics related to antenna diversity, such as ECC, DG, TARC, MEG, CCL, and channel capacity, with corresponding values of 0.11, 8.87 dB, \u22126.6 dB, \u00b13 dB, 0.32 bits\/sec\/Hz, and 18.44 bits\/sec\/Hz, respectively. Additionally, the equivalent circuit analysis of the MIMO system is explored in the article. It\u2019s worth noting that the measured results exhibit a strong level of agreement with the simulated results, indicating the reliability of the proposed design. The MIMO antenna\u2019s ability to exhibit multiband response, good diversity performance, and consistent channel capacity across various frequency bands renders it highly suitable for integration into multi-band wireless devices. The developed MIMO system should be applicable on n77\/n78\/n79 5G NR (3.3\u20135 GHz); WLAN (4.9\u20135.725 GHz); Wi-Fi (5.15\u20135.85 GHz); LTE5537.5 (5.15\u20135.925 GHz); WiMAX (5.25\u20135.85 GHz); WLAN (5.725\u20135.875 GHz); long-distance radio telecommunication (4\u20138 GHz; C-band); satellite, radar, space communications and terrestrial broadband (8\u201312 GHz; X-band); and various satellite communications (27\u201340 GHz; Ka-band).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T10:36:56Z","timestamp":1697625416000},"page":"8563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Quad Element MIMO Antenna for C, X, Ku, and Ka-Band Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Raj Kumar","family":"Mistri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi 834010, Jharkhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh Kumar","family":"Mahto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi 834010, Jharkhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajit Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi 834010, Jharkhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, Jharkhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5305-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Jamal Abdullah","family":"Al-Gburi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Komputer (FTKEK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Jalan Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thamer A. H.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Magnetics, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0647-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moath","family":"Alathbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2829702","article-title":"Digital Beamforming-Based Massive MIMO Transceiver for 5G Millimeter-Wave Communications","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. 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