{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:38:03Z","timestamp":1760150283621,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Innovation Driven Development Special Fund Project","award":["AA22068060-6","GHYF2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA22068060-6","GHYF2023002"]}]},{"name":"International Scientific and Technological Cooperation R&amp;D Project in Hainan Province","award":["AA22068060-6","GHYF2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA22068060-6","GHYF2023002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Variations with respect to perspective, lighting, weather, and interference from dynamic objects may all have an impact on the accuracy of the entire system during autonomous positioning and during the navigation of mobile visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) robots. As it is an essential element of visual SLAM systems, loop closure detection plays a vital role in eradicating front-end-induced accumulated errors and guaranteeing the map\u2019s general consistency. Presently, deep-learning-based loop closure detection techniques place more emphasis on enhancing the robustness of image descriptors while neglecting similarity calculations or the connections within the internal regions of the image. In response to this issue, this article proposes a loop closure detection method based on similarity differences between image blocks. Firstly, image descriptors are extracted using a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) model with effective loop closure detection. Subsequently, the image pairs with the greatest degree of similarity are evenly divided into blocks, and the level of similarity among the blocks is used to recalculate the degree of the overall similarity of the image pairs. The block similarity calculation module can effectively reduce the similarity of incorrect loop closure image pairs, which makes it easier to identify the correct loopback. Finally, the approach proposed in this article is compared with loop closure detection methods based on four distinct CNN models with a recall rate of 100% accuracy; said approach performs significantly superiorly. The application of the block similarity calculation module proposed in this article to the aforementioned four CNN models can increase the recall rate\u2019s accuracy to 100%; this proves that the proposed method can successfully improve the loop closure detection effect, and the similarity calculation module in the algorithm has a certain degree of universality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T07:02:53Z","timestamp":1697958173000},"page":"8632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Loop Closure Detection Method Based on Similarity Differences between Image Blocks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yizhe","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quality Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co., Ltd., Liuzhou 545005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quality Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhifu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yizhao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quality Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quality Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2006.1678144","article-title":"Simultaneous localization and mapping: Part I","volume":"13","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. 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