{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:32:43Z","timestamp":1781004763624,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a compact RF energy harvesting wireless sensor node with the antenna, rectifier, energy management circuits, and load integrated on a single printed circuit board and a total size of 53 mm \u00d7 59.77 mm \u00d7 4.5 mm. By etching rectangular slots in the radiation patch, the antenna area is reduced by 13.9%. The antenna is tested to have an S11 of \u221224.9 dB at 2.437 GHz and a maximum gain of 4.8 dBi. The rectifier has a maximum RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of 52.53% at 7 dBm input energy. The proposed WSN can achieve self-powered operation at a distance of 13.4 m from the transmitter source. To enhance the conversion efficiency under different input energy densities, this paper establishes an energy model for two operating modes and proposes an energy-intensity adaptive management algorithm. The experiments demonstrated that the proposed WSN can effectively distinguish between the two operating modes based on input energy intensity and realize efficient energy management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T10:34:20Z","timestamp":1698057260000},"page":"8641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Compact RF Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Node with an Energy Intensity Adaptive Management Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinkai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.152988","article-title":"Event Priority Driven Dissemination EPDD management algorithm for low power WSN nodes powered by a dual source energy harvester","volume":"113","author":"Leong","year":"2020","journal-title":"AEU-Int. 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