{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:36:34Z","timestamp":1771515394210,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Health of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urbanization has led to the need for the intelligent management of various urban challenges, from traffic to energy. In this context, smart campuses and buildings emerge as microcosms of smart cities, offering both opportunities and challenges in technology and communication integration. This study sets itself apart by prioritizing sustainable, adaptable, and reusable solutions through an open-source framework and open data protocols. We utilized the Internet of Things (IoT) and cost-effective sensors to capture real-time data for three different use cases: real-time monitoring of visitor counts, room and parking occupancy, and the collection of environment and climate data. Our analysis revealed that the implementation of the utilized hardware and software combination significantly improved the implementation of open smart campus systems, providing a usable visitor information system for students. Moreover, our focus on data privacy and technological versatility offers valuable insights into real-world applicability and limitations. This study contributes a novel framework that not only drives technological advancements but is also readily adaptable, improvable, and reusable across diverse settings, thereby showcasing the untapped potential of smart, sustainable systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T10:34:20Z","timestamp":1698057260000},"page":"8652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Testing and Evaluation of Low-Cost Sensors for Developing Open Smart Campus Systems Based on IoT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Pascal","family":"Neis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4527-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Warch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Hoppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2018.11.004","article-title":"An IoT service ecosystem for Smart Cities: The #SmartME project","volume":"5","author":"Bruneo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124200","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3109516","article-title":"Smart Campuses: Extensive Review of the Last Decade of Research and Current Challenges","volume":"9","author":"Gosselin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polin, K., Yigitcanlar, T., Limb, M., and Washington, T. 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