{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T07:16:29Z","timestamp":1775632589487,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: For manual wheelchair users, overuse of the upper limbs can cause upper limb musculoskeletal disorders, which can lead to a loss of autonomy. The main objective of this study was to quantify the risk level of musculoskeletal disorders of different slope propulsions in manual wheelchair users using fuzzy logic. Methods: In total, 17 spinal cord injury participants were recruited. Each participant completed six passages on a motorized treadmill, the inclination of which varied between (0\u00b0 to 4.8\u00b0). A motion capture system associated with instrumented wheels of a wheelchair was used. Using a biomechanical model of the upper limb and the fuzzy logic method, an Articular Discomfort Index (ADI) was developed. Results: We observed an increase in articular discomfort during propulsion on a slope with increasing discomfort at the shoulder, elbow and wrist, due to an increase in kinetics. There was a kinetically significant change in the kinetic global ADI (22 to 25%) and no change in the kinematic. The ADI increased from 14 to 36% during slope propulsion for each joint. Conclusion: The quantification of the level of discomfort helps us to highlight the situations with the most high-risk exposures and to identify the parameters responsible for this discomfort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T11:39:04Z","timestamp":1698147544000},"page":"8659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Quantification of the Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Limb Using Fuzzy Logic: A Study of Manual Wheelchair Propulsion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Marchiori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forvia, Faurecia, Automotive Seating, 91150 Bri\u00e8res-les-Scell\u00e9s, France"},{"name":"Fondation Garches, 92380 Garches, France"}]},{"given":"Dany H.","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Institut de R\u00e9adaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3S 2J4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Rehabilitation, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3S 2J4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Pradon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Parasport CHU Raymond Poincar\u00e9, APHP, 92380 Garches, France"},{"name":"U1179 Endicap, UVSQ, 78000 Versailles, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(02)00014-5","article-title":"The nature of work-related neck and upper limb musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"33","author":"Buckle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. 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