{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:49:06Z","timestamp":1767084546692,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52331012","2021YFC2801004","22DZ1204503","21DZ1205803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52331012","2021YFC2801004","22DZ1204503","21DZ1205803"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program, China","award":["52331012","2021YFC2801004","22DZ1204503","21DZ1205803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52331012","2021YFC2801004","22DZ1204503","21DZ1205803"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan","award":["52331012","2021YFC2801004","22DZ1204503","21DZ1205803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52331012","2021YFC2801004","22DZ1204503","21DZ1205803"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormalities of navigation buoys include tilting, rusting, breaking, etc. Realizing automatic extraction and evaluation of rust on buoys is of great significance for maritime supervision. Severe rust may cause damage to the buoy itself. Therefore, a lightweight method based on machine vision is proposed for extracting and evaluating the rust of the buoy. The method integrates image segmentation and processing. Firstly, image segmentation technology is used to extract the metal part of the buoy based on an improved U-Net. Secondly, the RGB image is converted into an HSV image by preprocessing, and the transformation law of HSV channel color value is analyzed to obtain the best segmentation threshold and then the pixels of the rusted and the metal parts can be extracted. Finally, the rust ratio of the buoy is calculated to evaluate the rust level of the buoy. Results show that both the segmentation precision and recall are above 0.95, and the accuracy is nearly 1.00. Compared with the rust evaluation algorithm directly using the image processing method, the accuracy and processing speed of rust grade evaluation are greatly improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T11:39:04Z","timestamp":1698147544000},"page":"8670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Rust Extraction and Evaluation Method for Navigation Buoys Based on Improved U-Net and Hue, Saturation, and Value"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3479-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215506, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2065-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiansen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0146-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Research and Application of Maritime Manafement Mode Based on Multifunction Navigational buoys","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Navig. 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