{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T19:20:34Z","timestamp":1775157634025,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/159\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/159\/44"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["PNURSP2023R361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R361"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RSPD2023R838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R838"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["RGP2\/159\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/159\/44"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PNURSP2023R361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R361"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["RSPD2023R838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R838"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP2\/159\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/159\/44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2023R361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2023R838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt","award":["RGP2\/159\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/159\/44"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt","award":["PNURSP2023R361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R361"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt","award":["RSPD2023R838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R838"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) contain several small, autonomous sensor nodes (SNs) able to process, transfer, and wirelessly sense data. These networks find applications in various domains like environmental monitoring, industrial automation, healthcare, and surveillance. Node Localization (NL) is a major problem in WSNs, aiming to define the geographical positions of sensors correctly. Accurate localization is essential for distinct WSN applications comprising target tracking, environmental monitoring, and data routing. Therefore, this paper develops a Chaotic Mapping Lion Optimization Algorithm-based Node Localization Approach (CMLOA-NLA) for WSNs. The purpose of the CMLOA-NLA algorithm is to define the localization of unknown nodes based on the anchor nodes (ANs) as a reference point. In addition, the CMLOA is mainly derived from the combination of the tent chaotic mapping concept into the standard LOA, which tends to improve the convergence speed and precision of NL. With extensive simulations and comparison results with recent localization approaches, the effectual performance of the CMLOA-NLA technique is illustrated. The experimental outcomes demonstrate considerable improvement in terms of accuracy as well as efficiency. Furthermore, the CMLOA-NLA technique was demonstrated to be highly robust against localization error and transmission range with a minimum average localization error of 2.09%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T06:19:58Z","timestamp":1698214798000},"page":"8699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Chaotic Mapping Lion Optimization Algorithm-Based Node Localization Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4084-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelwahed","family":"Motwakel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration in Hawtat Bani Tamim, Prince Sattam bint Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha Hassan Abdalla","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayam","family":"Alamro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science, Center of Artificial Intelligence, Unit of Cybersecurity, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faiz Abdullah","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science, College of Arts, King Saud University, P.O. Box 28095, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e01560","article-title":"Node localization in wireless sensor networks using a hyper-heuristic DEEC-Gaussian gradient distance algorithm","volume":"19","author":"Aroba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAHUC.2022.120940","article-title":"An adaptive stochastic central force optimisation algorithm for node localisation in wireless sensor networks","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. 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