{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:27:40Z","timestamp":1769725660090,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62105157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62105157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62005118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20211014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021K228B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021K228B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCMS-E-0522Y02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCMS-E-0522Y02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62105157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62105157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62005118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20211014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021K228B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021K228B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCMS-E-0522Y02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCMS-E-0522Y02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Jiangsu Province postdoctoral Science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62105157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62105157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Jiangsu Province postdoctoral Science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62005118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Jiangsu Province postdoctoral Science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20211014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Jiangsu Province postdoctoral Science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021K228B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021K228B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Jiangsu Province postdoctoral Science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCMS-E-0522Y02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCMS-E-0522Y02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures","award":["62105157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62105157"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures","award":["62005118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005118"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures","award":["BK20211014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211014"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures","award":["2021K228B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021K228B"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures","award":["MCMS-E-0522Y02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCMS-E-0522Y02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To develop implementation research on distributed optical fiber sensing technology, field tests were conducted on municipal roads and railways using a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS). Data were collected by the DAS during a field test for a long time period (more than 20 min), and we conducted short-term (&lt;10 s) and long-term (\u226510 s) analyses on these data separately. In the short-term data analysis, the vehicle type, vehicle length, and working status of the vehicle engine or the compressor were identified. In the long-term data analysis, the traffic flow was monitored, and the running distance, acceleration, speed, and braking distance of the vehicle were obtained. The characteristics of the vehicle operation data obtained in these field tests are important in developing the data processing method of DASs, which will help to promote the implementation of DASs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T13:26:55Z","timestamp":1698672415000},"page":"8799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Vehicle Operation Status Monitoring Based on Distributed Acoustic Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-9713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China"},{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Railway Vehicle Department, Nanjing Vocational Institute of Railway Technology, Nanjing 210031, China"}]},{"given":"Zhigao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210031, China"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210031, China"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Taylor, H.F., and Lee, C.E. (1993). Apparatus and Method for Fiber Optic Intrusion Sensing. (US Patent 5194847)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.000853","article-title":"Coherent \u03c6-OTDR based on I\/Q demodulation and homodyne detection","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Z., Liang, K., Ye, Q., Cai, H., Qu, R., and Fang, Z. (2011, January 13\u201316). Phase-sensitive OTDR system based on digital coherent detection. Proceedings of the Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition (ACP), Shanghai, China. Optical Sensors and Biophotonics III.","DOI":"10.1364\/ACP.2011.83110S"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085204","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/24\/8\/085204","article-title":"A distributed optical fibre dynamic strain sensor based on phase-OTDR","volume":"24","author":"Masoudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2015.02.044","article-title":"Distributed acoustic mapping based on interferometry of phase optical time-domain reflectometry","volume":"346","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50701","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/33\/5\/050701","article-title":"Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer based on a 120\u00b0 phase difference Michelson interferometer","volume":"33","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1982.1131302","article-title":"Homodyne demodulation scheme for fiber optic sensors using phase generated carrier","volume":"30","author":"Dandridge","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2414416","article-title":"Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer based on phase-generated carrier algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wellbrock, G.A., Xia, T.J., Huang, M., Chen, Y., Salemi, M., Huang, Y., Ji, P., Ip, E., and Wang, T. (2019, January 3\u20137). First Field Trial of Sensing Vehicle Speed, Density, and Road Conditions by using Fiber Carrying High Speed Data. Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2019.Th4C.7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2935422","article-title":"First Field Trial of Distributed Fiber Optical Sensing and High-Speed Communication over an Operational Telecom Network","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36675-8","article-title":"Distributed acoustic sensing using dark fiber for near-surface characterization and broadband seismic event detection","volume":"9","author":"Dou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1190\/tle39110819.1","article-title":"Using DAS to investigate traffic patterns at Brady Hot Springs, Nevada, USA","volume":"39","author":"Chambers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lead. Edge"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.422385","article-title":"Automatic traffic monitoring by \u03d5-OTDR data and Hough transform in a real-field environment","volume":"60","author":"Catalano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, S., Mustavee, S., Juan, C., and Juan, G. (2022). Chapter 20\u2014Sensing and Monitoring of Smart Transportation Systems, The Rise of Smart Cities, Butterworth-Heinemann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817784-6.00010-2"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chafiq, Y., Tatin, M., Postaspana, O., Paris, J., Maraval, D., and Lamour, V. (2018, January 24\u201328). Fiber optic sensing for monitoring structure and health of railway infrastructures. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS 26), Lausanne, Switzerland. ThE97.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFS.2018.ThE97"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, C., Ai, F., Liu, Y., Xu, Z., Wu, G., Zhang, W., Liu, C., Yan, Z., Liu, D., and Sun, Q. (2019, January 3\u20137). Rail Crack Detection by Analyzing the Acoustic Transmission Process Based on Fiber Distributed Acoustic Sensor. Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference & Exposition 2019 (OFC 2019), San Diego, CA, USA. Th2A.17.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2019.Th2A.17"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masoudi, A., Milne, D., Ferro, E., Watson, G., Brambilla, G., and Pen, L.L. (2020, January 8\u201312). Comprehensive Load-Deflection Analysis of Railway Track based on Distribute Acoustic Sensing. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS 27), Virginia, VA, USA. T3.18.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFS.2020.T3.18"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.109006","article-title":"Distributed vibration sensor with a high strain dynamic range by harmonics analysis","volume":"159","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9684","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.009684","article-title":"Performance analysis of distributed optical fiber acoustic sensors based on \u03c6-OTDR","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25399","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.025399","article-title":"Distributed acoustic sensor based on a two-mode fiber","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartog, H. (2017). An Introduction to Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315119014"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Liu, W., Wang, T., Su, J., and Shi, B. (2022). Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Monitoring Linear Infrastructures: Current Status and Trends. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197550"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wamriew, D., Pevzner, R., Maltsev, E., and Pissarenko, D. (2021). Deep Neural Networks for Detection and Location of Microseismic Events and Velocity Model Inversion from Microseismic Data Acquired by Distributed Acoustic Sensing Array. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196627"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8799\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:13:36Z","timestamp":1760130816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s23218799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23218799","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]}}}