{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T22:06:50Z","timestamp":1764194810992,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"]}]},{"name":"MIUR D.M. 737\/2021-AI4Health","award":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"]}]},{"name":"MIUR D.M. 737\/2021","award":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"]}]},{"name":"MIUR PRIN 2017","award":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Verona, Vicenza, Belluno e Ancona \u201cRicerca scientifica d\u2019eccellenza 2018\u201d","award":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"]}]},{"name":"REACT EU-PON Ricerca e Innovazione","award":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MNESYS (PE0000006)","2017TBA4KS_002","2018.0861"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS\u2013EEG) provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain connectivity. However, possible hemispheric asymmetries in signal propagation dynamics following occipital TMS have not been investigated. (2) Methods: Eighteen healthy participants underwent occipital single-pulse TMS at two different EEG sites, corresponding to early visual areas. We used a state-of-the-art Bayesian estimation approach to accurately estimate TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) from EEG data, which has not been previously used in this context. To capture the rapid dynamics of information flow patterns, we implemented a self-tuning optimized Kalman (STOK) filter in conjunction with the information partial directed coherence (iPDC) measure, enabling us to derive time-varying connectivity matrices. Subsequently, graph analysis was conducted to assess key network properties, providing insight into the overall network organization of the brain network. (3) Results: Our findings revealed distinct lateralized effects on effective brain connectivity and graph networks after TMS stimulation, with left stimulation facilitating enhanced communication between contralateral frontal regions and right stimulation promoting increased intra-hemispheric ipsilateral connectivity, as evidenced by statistical test (p &lt; 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The identified hemispheric differences in terms of connectivity provide novel insights into brain networks involved in visual information processing, revealing the hemispheric specificity of neural responses to occipital stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T13:26:55Z","timestamp":1698672415000},"page":"8833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Graph Analysis of TMS\u2013EEG Connectivity Reveals Hemispheric Differences following Occipital Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2974-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Siviero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7858-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Bonfanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perception and Awareness (PandA) Lab., Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6889-3461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Menegaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5333-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Savazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perception and Awareness (PandA) Lab., Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4966-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Mazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perception and Awareness (PandA) Lab., Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8605-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia Francesca","family":"Storti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hellige, J.B., Laeng, B., and Michimata, C. 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