{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:23:46Z","timestamp":1773246226078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have emerged as transforming technologies, bringing the potential to revolutionize a wide range of industries such as environmental monitoring, agriculture, manufacturing, smart health, home automation, wildlife monitoring, and surveillance. Population expansion, changes in the climate, and resource constraints all offer problems to modern IoT applications. To solve these issues, the integration of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has come forth as a game-changing solution. For example, in agricultural environment, IoT-based WSN has been utilized to monitor yield conditions and automate agriculture precision through different sensors. These sensors are used in agriculture environments to boost productivity through intelligent agricultural decisions and to collect data on crop health, soil moisture, temperature monitoring, and irrigation. However, sensors have finite and non-rechargeable batteries, and memory capabilities, which might have a negative impact on network performance. When a network is distributed over a vast area, the performance of WSN-assisted IoT suffers. As a result, building a stable and energy-efficient routing infrastructure is quite challenging in order to extend network lifetime. To address energy-related issues in scalable WSN-IoT environments for future IoT applications, this research proposes EEDC: An Energy Efficient Data Communication scheme by utilizing \u201cRegion based Hierarchical Clustering for Efficient Routing (RHCER)\u201d\u2014a multi-tier clustering framework for energy-aware routing decisions. The sensors deployed for IoT application data collection acquire important data and select cluster heads based on a multi-criteria decision function. Further, to ensure efficient long-distance communication along with even load distribution across all network nodes, a subdivision technique was employed in each tier of the proposed framework. The proposed routing protocol aims to provide network load balancing and convert communicating over long distances into shortened multi-hop distance communications, hence enhancing network lifetime.The performance of EEDC is compared to that of some existing energy-efficient protocols for various parameters. The simulation results show that the suggested methodology reduces energy usage by almost 31% in sensor nodes and provides almost 38% improved packet drop ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T13:26:55Z","timestamp":1698672415000},"page":"8839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["EEDC: An Energy Efficient Data Communication Scheme Based on New Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks for Future IoT Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1343-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Wadhwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara Uiversity Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalli","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara Uiversity Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4710-4010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wadii","family":"Boulila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"RIADI Laboratory, National School of Computer Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(01)00302-4","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"38","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74129","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2987861","article-title":"Energy efficient two-tier data dissemination based on Q-learning for wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3036408","article-title":"Latency-and-coverage aware data aggregation scheduling for multihop battery-free wireless networks","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2012.314","article-title":"Aggregation latency-energy tradeoff in wireless sensor networks with successive interference cancellation","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandris, D., Nakas, C., Vomvas, D., and Koulouras, G. (2020). Applications of wireless sensor networks: An up-to-date survey. Appl. Syst. Innov., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/asi3010014"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2022.103170","article-title":"A comprehensive review on optimal cluster head selection in WSN-IOT","volume":"171","author":"Ramya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4355","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4355","article-title":"A fully distributed energy-aware multi-level clustering and routing for WSN-based IoT","volume":"32","author":"Altan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F., Wang, A., Zhang, Y., Ni, Z., and Hua, J. (2021). Energy efficient SWIPT based mobile edge computing framework for WSN-assisted IoT. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144798"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02174-5","article-title":"Energy efficient scheduling in local area networks","volume":"26","author":"Hisham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11113","DOI":"10.3390\/s120811113","article-title":"A survey on clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, M.K., Cho, H., Zhou, B., and Chen, L. (2019, January 18\u201321). Minimum latency aggregation scheduling in internet of things. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2019.8685660"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, M.Z., and Hanapi, Z.M. (2023). Efficient Secure Routing Mechanisms for the Low-Powered IoT Network: A Literature Review. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12030482"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41","article-title":"HEED: A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-022-01347-y","article-title":"Fog-assisted hierarchical data routing strategy for IoT-enabled WSN: Forest fire detection","volume":"15","author":"Moussa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Peer Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-020-02277-4","article-title":"A multi-tier based clustering framework for scalable and energy efficient WSN-assisted IoT network","volume":"26","author":"Shukla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankar, S., Ramasubbareddy, S., Luhach, A., Nayyar, A., and Qureshi, B. (2020). CT-RPL: Cluster tree based routing protocol to maximize the lifetime of Internet of Things. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205858"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190","article-title":"An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Heinzelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Shi, S., Liu, X., and Gu, X. (2012, January 8\u201310). An energy-efficiency Optimized LEACH-C for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, Kunming, China."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mhatre, V., and Rosenberg, C. (2004, January 20\u201324). Homogeneous vs heterogeneous clustered sensor networks: A comparative study. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37577), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2004.1313223"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4585-1_10","article-title":"EKMT-k-means clustering algorithmic solution for low energy consumption for wireless sensor networks based on minimum mean distance from base station","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Networking Communication and Data Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.17762\/turcomat.v12i10.5356","article-title":"Energy-efficient enhanced hierarchical routing chain based clustering for wireless sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Vidhya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Comput. Math. Educ. (TURCOMAT)"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2159","article-title":"EACR-LEACH: Energy-Aware Cluster-based Routing Protocol for WSN Based IoT","volume":"72","author":"Sennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Lindsey, S., and Raghavendra, C.S. (2002, January 9\u201316). PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Jafri, M.R., Javaid, N., Javaid, A., and Khan, Z.A. (2013). Maximizing the lifetime of multi-chain PEGASIS using sink mobility. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haseeb, K., Ud Din, I., Almogren, A., and Islam, N. (2020). An energy efficient and secure IoT-based WSN framework: An application to smart agriculture. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072081"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8765335","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8765335","article-title":"A Survey of Data Aggregation Protocols for Energy Conservation in WSN and IoT","volume":"2022","author":"Begum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"30","article-title":"Energy efficient scheme for clustering protocol prolonging the lifetime of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","volume":"6","author":"Saini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedditi, R.B., and Debasis, K. (2023). Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for an IoT-Based WSN System to Detect Forest Fires. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13053026"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani, S., and Koundal, D. (2021). An optimized framework for WSN routing in the context of industry 4.0. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196474"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:14:30Z","timestamp":1760130870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s23218839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23218839","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]}}}