{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T12:44:33Z","timestamp":1784119473645,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"RSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-69-47110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-69-47110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["20-69-47110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-69-47110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blood vessel visualization technology allows nursing staff to transition from traditional palpation or touch to locate the subcutaneous blood vessels to visualized localization by providing a clear visual aid for performing various medical procedures accurately and efficiently involving blood vessels; this can further improve the first-attempt puncture success rate for nursing staff and reduce the pain of patients. We propose a novel technique for hyperspectral visualization of blood vessels in human skin. An experiment with six participants with different skin types, race, and nationality backgrounds is described. A mere separation of spectral layers for different skin types is shown to be insufficient. The use of three-wavelength indices in imaging has shown a significant improvement in the quality of results compared to using only two-wavelength indices. This improvement can be attributed to an increase in the contrast ratio, which can be as high as 25%. We propose and implement a technique for finding new index formulae based on an exhaustive search and a binary blood-vessel image obtained through an expert assessment. As a result of the search, a novel index formula was deduced, allowing high-contrast blood vessel images to be generated for any skin type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T11:51:43Z","timestamp":1698839503000},"page":"8895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Visualization of Subcutaneous Blood Vessels Based on Hyperspectral Imaging and Three-Wavelength Index Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-7205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Hamza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Samara National Research University, Moskovskoye Shosse 34, 443086 Samara, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8514-7156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Skidanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Samara National Research University, Moskovskoye Shosse 34, 443086 Samara, Russia"},{"name":"IPSI RAS\u2014Branch of the FSRC \u201cCrystallography and Photonics\u201d RAS, Molodogvardeiskaya St. 151, 443001 Samara, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-1844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Podlipnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Samara National Research University, Moskovskoye Shosse 34, 443086 Samara, Russia"},{"name":"IPSI RAS\u2014Branch of the FSRC \u201cCrystallography and Photonics\u201d RAS, Molodogvardeiskaya St. 151, 443001 Samara, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, G., and Fei, B. 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