{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T02:25:18Z","timestamp":1771295118947,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52205558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11972005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11972005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52275096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021J01564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J01564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021J05116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1016-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1016-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020C055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China","award":["52205558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205558"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China","award":["11972005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11972005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China","award":["52275096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275096"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China","award":["2021J01564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J01564"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China","award":["2021J05116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05116"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China","award":["2019R1016-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1016-2"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China","award":["2020C055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C055"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Special Projects of Fujian Provincial Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["52205558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205558"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Special Projects of Fujian Provincial Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["11972005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11972005"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Special Projects of Fujian Provincial Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["52275096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275096"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Special Projects of Fujian Provincial Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["2021J01564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J01564"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Special Projects of Fujian Provincial Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["2021J05116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05116"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Special Projects of Fujian Provincial Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["2019R1016-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1016-2"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Special Projects of Fujian Provincial Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["2020C055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C055"]}]},{"name":"Quanzhou Science and Technology Bureau Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["52205558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205558"]}]},{"name":"Quanzhou Science and Technology Bureau Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["11972005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11972005"]}]},{"name":"Quanzhou Science and Technology Bureau Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["52275096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275096"]}]},{"name":"Quanzhou Science and Technology Bureau Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2021J01564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J01564"]}]},{"name":"Quanzhou Science and Technology Bureau Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2021J05116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05116"]}]},{"name":"Quanzhou Science and Technology Bureau Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2019R1016-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1016-2"]}]},{"name":"Quanzhou Science and Technology Bureau Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2020C055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dynamic characteristics play a crucial role in evaluating the performance of weight sensors and are essential for achieving fast and accurate weight measurements. This study focuses on a weight sensor based on optical coherence displacement. Using finite element analysis, the sensor was numerically simulated. Frequency domain and time domain dynamic response characteristics were explored through harmonic response analysis and transient dynamic analysis. The superior dynamic performance and reduced conditioning time of the non-contact optical coherence-based displacement weight sensor were confirmed via a negative step response experiment that compared the proposed sensing method to strain sensing. Moreover, dynamic performance metrics for the optical coherence displacement-type weight sensor were determined. Ultimately, the sensor\u2019s dynamic performance was enhanced using the pole-zero placement method, decreasing the overshoot to 4.72% and reducing the response time to 0.0132 s. These enhancements broaden the sensor\u2019s operational bandwidth and amplify its dynamic response capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T02:05:07Z","timestamp":1698890707000},"page":"8911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic Characterization of Optical Coherence-Based Displacement-Type Weight Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhengchuang","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Force Measurement, Fujian Metrology Institute, Fuzhou 350010, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Metallurgical Vocational and Technical College, Xinyu 338015, China"}]},{"given":"Shuncong","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0343-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Force Measurement, Fujian Metrology Institute, Fuzhou 350010, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"given":"Jiewen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9393-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiukun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"given":"Jinlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1177\/1369433216655922","article-title":"State-of-the-art review on bridge weigh-in-motion technology","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Palek, L., Strommen, R., Worel, B., and Chen, G. (2014, January 9\u201313). Real-time weigh-in-motion measurement using fiber Bragg grating sensors. Proceedings of the Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2014, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2044132"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/002029400503800602","article-title":"Load Cell Applications Offshore","volume":"38","author":"Bowen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2011.10.013","article-title":"A novel optical load cell used in icing monitoring on overhead transmission lines","volume":"71","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2011.2157947","article-title":"A Fiber Bragg Grating Tension and Tilt Sensor Applied to Icing Monitoring on Overhead Transmission Lines","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0020294017713768","article-title":"Digital Signal Processing\u2013Based Dynamic Mass Measurement System for Egg Weighing Process","volume":"50","author":"Yabanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.200.507","article-title":"Influence of Edible Oil Weight Filling Accuracy","volume":"200","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7345","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2861014","article-title":"Multi-component FBG-based force sensing systems by comparison with other sensing technologies: A review","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendez, A. (2007, January 4\u20136). Fiber Bragg grating sensors: A market overview. Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Napoli, Italy.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.738334"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s12200-008-0071-8","article-title":"A novel weight measurement method based on birefringence in fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Optoelectron. China"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2019.105939","article-title":"High-sensitivity photonic crystal fiber force sensor based on Sagnac interferometer for weighing","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2020.106334","article-title":"Highly sensitive single-fiber MZI configuration for weight sensing","volume":"130","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.112922","article-title":"High-sensitivity weighing sensor based on broadband optical coherence displacement measurement of a dual-beam elastic element","volume":"216","author":"Ouyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/13\/5\/302","article-title":"Dynamic investigation of a three-component force-moment sensor","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"898","article-title":"Dynamic Characteristics Study of a Novel Piezoelectric Torque Sensor","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2012.01.028","article-title":"Dynamic characteristics of piezoelectric six-dimensional heavy force\/moment sensor for large-load robotic manipulator","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"7","article-title":"Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of an Integral Preloaded Six-Dimensional Force Sensor","volume":"35","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2014.08.011","article-title":"Two-dimensional optical coherence tomography for real-time structural dynamical characterization","volume":"66","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"224","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Static and Dynamic Performance Indices for Six-Dimensional Force Sensors","volume":"213","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Eng. Autom."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Li, Y.G. (2010). Research on Static and Dynamic Calibration System for Piezoelectric Multi-Dimensional Force Sensors. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chongqing University]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.07.029","article-title":"Accurate measurement of high-frequency blast waves through dynamic compensation of miniature piezoelectric pressure sensors","volume":"280","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8911\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:15:50Z","timestamp":1760130950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s23218911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23218911","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]}}}