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This method is founded on the peak factor and involves comparing peak factors at different periods to construct a dynamic asynchronous peak-factor-ratio-monitoring index, which is then optimized using the HBA. Simulated experiments were carried out using the XJTU-SY dataset. The results indicate that, compared to the early warning times defined by international standards, the warning times provided using this method are consistently over 33 min in advance within the test dataset. Additionally, an envelope spectrum analysis of the warning data confirms the existence of early faults. This demonstrates that the monitoring indicator developed in this paper is capable of delivering earlier and more accurate early fault warnings and condition monitoring for rolling bearings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T02:41:56Z","timestamp":1698979316000},"page":"8939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Condition-Monitoring Method for Rolling Bearings Based on Dynamic Asynchronous Peak-Factor Ratios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4247-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanhua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Equipment and Fault Diagnosis, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6501-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quansi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2376-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2017.02.041","article-title":"An underdamped stochastic resonance method with stable-state matching for incipient fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings","volume":"94","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. 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