{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T22:09:59Z","timestamp":1771625399702,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_026\/0008401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_026\/0008401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As was shown in the previous part of the study, windshields are an important part of the passive safety means of modern low-floor trams with an extraordinary effect on pedestrian safety in a pedestrian\u2013tram collisions. Therefore, maximum attention must be paid to the definition of tram windshield characteristics. This article describes a windshield crash test, from which data are obtained to verify the feasibility of the applied computational approaches. A developed analytical model is utilised for a simple description of the energy balance during collision with an illustrative definition of the important parameters of laminated glass as well as their clear physical interpretations. The finite element analysis (FEA) performed in Ansys software using two versions of material definition, namely a simpler (*MAT_ELASTIC with nonlocal failure criterion) and a more complex (*MAT_GLASS with brittle stress-state-dependent failure) material model, which are presented as suitable for obtaining a detailed description of the shattering process of laminated glass, which can also be used effectively in windshield engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T15:41:41Z","timestamp":1699112501000},"page":"8974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone\u2014Its Impact Test and Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Roman","family":"Jezdik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VUKV a.s., 158 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Sebik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SVS FEM s.r.o., 628 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7634-2910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Kubovy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frantisek","family":"Marsik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frantisek","family":"Lopot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Designing and Machine Elements, Czech Technical University, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"Hajkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dita","family":"Hylmarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Havlicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Designing and Machine Elements, Czech Technical University, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"Stocek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Designing and Machine Elements, Czech Technical University, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Doubek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dopravn\u00ed Podnik Hlavn\u00edho M\u011bsta Prahy, 190 22 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommi","family":"Tikkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIM Oy, 02650 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7344-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Svoboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Jelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Second Faculty of Medicine (2. LF UK), Charles University, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Police Academy of the Czech Republic in Prague, 143 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019). CEN\/TC \u201cRailway Applications\u201d, CEN."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhang, T., Ye, J., Tian, X., Zhang, W., Yang, B., Dai, M., Xu, C., and Fu, F. (2022). Fast Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm with Continuation for Brain Injury Monitoring Imaging Based on Electrical Impedance Tomography. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249934"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, November 08). Mu\u017e P\u0159eb\u00edhal Je\u010dnou Ulici. Srazila Ho Tramvaj a Na M\u00edst\u011b Zem\u0159el (A Man Was Crossing Je\u010dn\u00e1 Street. He Was Hit by a Tram and Died Immediately). DEN\u00cdK. 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LS-DYNA Keyword User\u2019s Manual II, r:13109 R1, Livermore Software Technology (LST), An Ansys Company."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8974\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:17:40Z","timestamp":1760131060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/21\/8974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s23218974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23218974","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]}}}