{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:21:01Z","timestamp":1774315261811,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (ROC)","award":["MOST 110-2221-E-002-027-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2221-E-002-027-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring dynamic balance during gait is critical for fall prevention in the elderly. The current study aimed to develop recurrent neural network models for extracting balance variables from a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed on the sacrum during walking. Thirteen healthy young and thirteen healthy older adults wore the IMU during walking and the ground truth of the inclination angles (IA) of the center of pressure to the center of mass vector and their rates of changes (RCIA) were measured simultaneously. The IA, RCIA, and IMU data were used to train four models (uni-LSTM, bi-LSTM, uni-GRU, and bi-GRU), with 10% of the data reserved to evaluate the model errors in terms of the root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) and percentage relative RMSEs (rRMSEs). Independent t-tests were used for between-group comparisons. The sensitivity, specificity, and Pearson\u2019s r for the effect sizes between the model-predicted data and experimental ground truth were also obtained. The bi-GRU with the weighted MSE model was found to have the highest prediction accuracy, computational efficiency, and the best ability in identifying statistical between-group differences when compared with the ground truth, which would be the best choice for the prolonged real-life monitoring of gait balance for fall risk management in the elderly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T03:42:40Z","timestamp":1699501360000},"page":"9040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recurrent Neural Network Methods for Extracting Dynamic Balance Variables during Gait from a Single Inertial Measurement Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1144-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Hao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ching","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Fu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ling","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2263-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank Yeong-Sung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tung-Wu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago, J., Cotto, E., Jaimes, L.G., and Vergara-Laurens, I. 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