{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:21:59Z","timestamp":1781306519563,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current weather monitoring systems often remain out of reach for small-scale users and local communities due to their high costs and complexity. This paper addresses this significant issue by introducing a cost-effective, easy-to-use local weather station. Utilizing low-cost sensors, this weather station is a pivotal tool in making environmental monitoring more accessible and user-friendly, particularly for those with limited resources. It offers efficient in-site measurements of various environmental parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, carbon dioxide concentration, and particulate matter, including PM 1, PM 2.5, and PM 10. The findings demonstrate the station\u2019s capability to monitor these variables remotely and provide forecasts with a high degree of accuracy, displaying an error margin of just 0.67%. Furthermore, the station\u2019s use of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model enables short-term, reliable forecasts crucial for applications in agriculture, transportation, and air quality monitoring. Furthermore, the weather station\u2019s open-source nature significantly enhances environmental monitoring accessibility for smaller users and encourages broader public data sharing. With this approach, crucial in addressing climate change challenges, the station empowers communities to make informed decisions based on real-time data. In designing and developing this low-cost, efficient monitoring system, this work provides a valuable blueprint for future advancements in environmental technologies, emphasizing sustainability. The proposed automatic weather station not only offers an economical solution for environmental monitoring but also features a user-friendly interface for seamless data communication between the sensor platform and end users. This system ensures the transmission of data through various web-based platforms, catering to users with diverse technical backgrounds. Furthermore, by leveraging historical data through the ARIMA model, the station enhances its utility in providing short-term forecasts and supporting critical decision-making processes across different sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T03:42:40Z","timestamp":1699501360000},"page":"9060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Local Weather Station Design and Development for Cost-Effective Environmental Monitoring and Real-Time Data Sharing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2432-358X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5461-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, October 02). Effects|Facts\u2014Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet, Available online: https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/effects\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations (2023, October 02). What Is Climate Change?. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/climatechange\/what-is-climate-change."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Lai, C. (2023, October 02). How Does Deforestation Affect the Carbon Cycle? Earth.Org. Available online: https:\/\/earth.org\/how-does-deforestation-affect-the-carbon-cycle\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"US EPA (2023, October 02). Causes of Climate Change, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/climatechange-science\/causes-climate-change."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"US EPA (2023, October 02). Introduction to Indoor Air Quality, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/indoor-air-quality-iaq\/introduction-indoor-air-quality."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, October 02). How Climate Change Affects Vector-Borne Diseases|News|Wellcome. Available online: https:\/\/wellcome.org\/news\/how-climate-change-affects-vector-borne-diseases."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00793-2","article-title":"Charting the Evidence for Climate Change Impacts on the Global Spread of Malaria and Dengue and Adaptive Responses: A Scoping Review of Reviews","volume":"18","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2023, October 02). Weather Forecast with Meteodrones Weather Drones|Meteomatics. Available online: https:\/\/www.meteomatics.com\/en\/meteodrones-weather-drones\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, October 02). Surface Mooring Network in the Kuroshio Extension. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/4579297."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-019-0009-4","article-title":"A System for Monitoring Water Quality in a Large Aquatic Area Using Wireless Sensor Network Technology","volume":"29","author":"Demetillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2023, October 02). AE521\/AE521: What Is a Wireless Sensor Network?. Available online: https:\/\/edis.ifas.ufl.edu\/publication\/AE521."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jart.2017.07.004","article-title":"Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey on Monitoring Water Quality","volume":"15","author":"Pule","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2018.00063","article-title":"Model-Based Forecasting of Agricultural Crop Disease Risk at the Regional Scale, Integrating Airborne Inoculum, Environmental, and Satellite-Based Monitoring Data","volume":"6","author":"Newlands","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (2023, October 02). Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8). Available online: https:\/\/community.wmo.int\/en\/activity-areas\/imop\/wmo-no_8."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, October 02). Fixed Site RAWS (Remote Automated Weather Station). Earth Sciences. Available online: https:\/\/www.essearth.com\/product\/fixed-site-raws-remote-automated-weather-station\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z.-Q., Chen, Y.-C., and Wen, C.-Y. (2020). Real-Time Weather Monitoring and Prediction Using City Buses and Machine Learning. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185173"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bencini, L., Palma, D.D., Collodi, G., Manes, A., Manes, G., Bencini, L., Palma, D.D., Collodi, G., Manes, A., and Manes, G. (2010). Wireless Sensor Networks: Application\u2014Centric Design, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"US EPA (2023, October 02). Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/climateimpacts\/climate-change-impacts-agriculture-and-food-supply."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Lin, F., Yoo, E.-H., and Xu, W. (2015, January 22). AirSense: A Portable Context-Sensing Device for Personal Air Quality Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Pervasive Wireless Healthcare, Hangzhou, China. MobileHealth \u201915.","DOI":"10.1145\/2757290.2757293"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2022.05.002","article-title":"Prototyping Low-Cost Automatic Weather Stations for Natural Disaster Monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Bernardes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannou, K., Karampatzakis, D., Amanatidis, P., Aggelopoulos, V., and Karmiris, I. (2021). Low-Cost Automatic Weather Stations in the Internet of Things. Information, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/info12040146"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31005","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229841","article-title":"An Intelligent Weather Station","volume":"15","author":"Mestre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, October 03). Amazon.com: Weather Sensor All-in-One Compact Outdoor Weather Station Weather Sensor for Weather Monitoring Systems (HM-FLP): Patio, Lawn & Garden. Available online: https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Weather-Compact-Outdoor-Station-Monitoring\/dp\/B0BWNDPCBJ?th=1."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, October 03). Davis Wireless Vantage Vue Weather Station with WeatherLink Console 6242UK. Available online: https:\/\/www.weathershop.co.uk\/davis-vantage-vue-weather-station-with-weatherlink-console-6242uk."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, October 03). Weather Station Professional\u2014Renke. Available online: https:\/\/www.renkeer.com\/product\/weather-station-professional\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, October 03). ATMOS 41. METER. Available online: https:\/\/www.metergroup.com\/en\/meter-environment\/products\/atmos-41-weather-station?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Paid_search&utm_term=weather_atmos41&utm_content=product&gclid=Cj0KCQjw1OmoBhDXARIsAAAYGSHQJG6A4A5ZJ8gacSA_F7XrON4QgEzpX4AqcampxDPxEeJ53i-pyO8aAh0oEALw_wcB."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2023, October 03). Industrial Weather Stations|Columbia Weather Systems. Available online: https:\/\/columbiaweather.com\/products\/weather-stations\/industrial\/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw1OmoBhDXARIsAAAYGSEiCJORy-r13IuDQUwAqDLli5dMtstQ9hrD0zG0rfOxK4hQPnR47Q4aAu1qEALw_wcB."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2019.1640290","article-title":"Development of a Low-Cost Sensing Platform for Air Quality Monitoring: Application in the City of Rome","volume":"42","author":"Shindler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2022.100540","article-title":"LoRaWAN-Based IoT System Implementation for Long-Range Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Jabbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Bosch Sensortec (2023, August 26). Humidity Sensor BME280. Available online: https:\/\/www.bosch-sensortec.com\/products\/environmental-sensors\/humidity-sensors-bme280\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2023, August 26). Smart Sensor Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.sensirion.com\/products\/catalog\/SCD30\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2023, August 26). PMS5003 Series Manual Datasheet by Adafruit Industries LLC|Digi-Key Electronics. Available online: https:\/\/www.digikey.jp\/htmldatasheets\/production\/2903006\/0\/0\/1\/pms5003-series-manual.html."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonakdari, H., and Zeynoddin, M. (2022). Stochastic Modeling, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91748-3.00005-7"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Routledge & CRC Press (2023, October 02). Time-Series Forecasting. Available online: https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Time-Series-Forecasting\/Chatfield\/p\/book\/9781584880639."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Monigatti, L. (2023, October 02). Interpreting ACF and PACF Plots for Time Series Forecasting. Medium. Available online: https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/interpreting-acf-and-pacf-plots-for-time-series-forecasting-af0d6db4061c."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ali, S. (2023, October 02). (28) Reading the ACF and PACF Plots\u2014The Missing Manual\/Cheatsheet|LinkedIn. Available online: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/reading-acf-pacf-plots-missing-manual-cheatsheet-saqib-ali\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Routledge & CRC Press (2023, October 02). Guide to Methodology in Ergonomics: Designing for Human Use, Second Edition. Available online: https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Guide-to-Methodology-in-Ergonomics-Designing-for-Human-Use-Second-Edition\/Stanton-Young-Harvey\/p\/book\/9781466591851."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2023, October 02). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics; Salvendy, G., Ed; 9780470528389: Amazon.com: Books. Available online: https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Handbook-Factors-Ergonomics-Gavriel-Salvendy\/dp\/0470528389."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Nielsen Norman Group (2023, October 02). World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience. Why You Only Need to Test with 5 Users. Available online: https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/why-you-only-need-to-test-with-5-users\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2023, October 02). What Is Correlation?|Definition from TechTarget. WhatIs.com. Available online: https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/whatis\/definition\/correlation."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.015","article-title":"Understanding Bland Altman Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Giavarina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/22\/9060\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:19:49Z","timestamp":1760131189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/22\/9060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s23229060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23229060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}}}