{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T11:35:33Z","timestamp":1763811333926,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Santo Ant\u00f4nio Energia","award":["PD-06683-0122\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-06683-0122\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a comparative study that explores the performance of various meta-heuristics employed for Optimal Signal Design, specifically focusing on estimating parameters in nonlinear systems. The study introduces the Robust Sub-Optimal Excitation Signal Generation and Optimal Parameter Estimation (rSOESGOPE) methodology, which is originally derived from the well-known Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Through a real-life case study involving an Autonomous Surface Vessel (ASV) equipped with three Degrees of Freedom (DoFs) and an aerial holonomic propulsion system, the effectiveness of different meta-heuristics is thoroughly evaluated. By conducting an in-depth analysis and comparison of the obtained results from the diverse meta-heuristics, this study offers valuable insights for selecting the most suitable optimization technique for parameter estimation in nonlinear systems. Researchers and experimental tests in the field can benefit from the comprehensive examination of these techniques, aiding them in making informed decisions about the optimal approach for optimizing parameter estimation in nonlinear systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T01:17:51Z","timestamp":1699579071000},"page":"9085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Performance Comparison of Meta-Heuristics Applied to Optimal Signal Design for Parameter Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1942-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Accacio Ferreira dos","family":"Santos Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electroelectronics, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Leopoldina 36700-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-1121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murillo Ferreira dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electroelectronics, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Leopoldina 36700-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6457-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathaus Ferreira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2735-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo de Mello","family":"Hon\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7484-034X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edimar Jos\u00e9 de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edvaldo Soares Ara\u00fajo","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santo Ant\u00f4nio S.A., Hydroelectric Plant Santo Ant\u00f4nio, Porto Velho 76805-812, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100701","article-title":"Optimal input signals for parameter estimation in dynamic systems\u2014Survey and new results","volume":"19","author":"Mehra","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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