{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:07:49Z","timestamp":1784293669574,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0020616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0020616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>So far, cymbal transducers have been developed primarily for transmitting purposes, and even when used for receiving, the focus has been mostly on improving the receiving sensitivity. In this study, we developed a cymbal hydrophone with a higher sensitivity and a wider bandwidth than other existing hydrophones. First, the initial structure of the cymbal hydrophone was established, and then the effects of structural variables on the hydrophone\u2019s performance were analyzed using the finite element method. Based on the analysis results, the structure having the highest sensitivity and widest bandwidth, with a receiving voltage sensitivity level above a certain threshold, was derived using optimal design techniques. A prototype of the cymbal hydrophone with the designed structure was fabricated, and its performance was measured, validating the effectiveness of the design by comparing the measurement results with the design values. The developed cymbal hydrophone is expected to be utilized in various underwater precision measurements, as it possesses a significantly broader reception frequency bandwidth when compared with other hydrophones used for the same purpose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T01:17:51Z","timestamp":1699579071000},"page":"9086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design and Fabrication of a High-Sensitivity and Wideband Cymbal Hydrophone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Donghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2749-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongrae","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-624X(99)00021-9","article-title":"A class V flextensional transducer: The cymbal","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.02.024","article-title":"A cymbal transducer for power ultrasonics applications","volume":"210","author":"Bejarano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Newnham, R.E., Dogan, A., Markley, D.C., Tressler, J.F., Zhang, J., Uzgur, E., Meyer, R.J., Hladky-Hennion, A.C., and Hughes, W.J. (2002, January 29\u201331). Size effects in capped ceramic underwater sound projectors. Proceedings of the OCEAN\u201902 MTS\/IEEE, Biloxi, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s11804-009-8080-6","article-title":"Testing and improved cymbal hydrophone","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Marine Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1109\/58.108862","article-title":"Piezoelectric composites with high sensitivity and high capacitance for use at high pressures","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. 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Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/00150190108225188","article-title":"Cymbal transducer array for hydrophone applications","volume":"263","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2006.05.089","article-title":"Finite element analyzing of underwater receiving sensitivity of PMN-0.33PT single crystal cymbal hydrophone","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.14429\/dsj.62.1718","article-title":"Pb(Ni1\/3Sb2\/3)O3-PbZrTiO3 ceramic sensors for underwater transducer application","volume":"62","author":"Lonkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Def. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mudiyala, J., Shim, H., Kim, D., and Roh, Y. (2022). 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Available online: https:\/\/www.neptune-sonar.co.uk\/products\/hydrophones."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/22\/9086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:20:50Z","timestamp":1760131250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/22\/9086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s23229086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23229086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]}}}