{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:22:04Z","timestamp":1778149324912,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radar is an important sensing technology for three-dimensional positioning of aircraft. This method requires detecting the response from the object to the signal transmitted from the antenna, but the accuracy becomes unstable due to effects such as obstruction and reflection from surrounding buildings at low altitudes near the antenna. Accordingly, there is a need for a ground-based positioning method with high accuracy. Among the positioning methods using cameras that have been proposed for this purpose, we have developed a multisite synchronized positioning system using IoT devices equipped with a fish-eye camera, and have been investigating its performance. This report describes the details and calibration experiments for this technology. Also, a case study was performed in which flight paths measured by existing GPS positioning were compared with results from the proposed method. Although the results obtained by each of the methods showed individual characteristics, the three-dimensional coordinates were a good match, showing the effectiveness of the positioning technology proposed in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1699843607000},"page":"9108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three-Dimensional Positioning for Aircraft Using IoT Devices Equipped with a Fish-Eye Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Junichi","family":"Mori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi 221-8686, Japan"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Morinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Department of Architecture, Daido University, Nagoya 457-0819, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-302X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Asakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan"}]},{"given":"Takenobu","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi 221-8686, Japan"}]},{"given":"Ippei","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Structure Improvement Foundation, Tokyo 160-0003, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Nishino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kanagawa Environmental Research Center, Hiratsuka 254-0014, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shigenori","family":"Yokoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kanagawa Environmental Research Center, Hiratsuka 254-0014, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2365951","article-title":"On the security of the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast protocol","volume":"17","author":"Strohmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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