{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:38:24Z","timestamp":1760150304574,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52278294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52278294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grouted sleeves (GSs) are a type of precast joint that can effectively connect steel rebars with excellent performance. However, the grouting debonding problem, which can occur due to the leakage of the glue plug, can seriously affect the properties of GSs. In this paper, a guided-wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) method is used to detect debonding in GSs. The axisymmetric longitudinal mode is selected as the incident wave since it is sensitive to axial damage. Eight piezoelectrics (PZTs) are then symmetrically installed to actuate signals. The proposed samples are GSs with four different debonding sizes. First, the relationship between the arrival time of the first wave packet and the debonding size is explored through theoretical derivation. The arrival time decreases linearly with an increasing debonding size. A similar trend is observed when the relationship is verified via a numerical simulation and experimental results. This method will provide a reference for detecting debonding in similar GS multilayer structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1699843607000},"page":"9134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Debonding Detection in Grouted Sleeves Using Axisymmetric Longitudinal Guided Waves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jiahe","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Xiushi","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.04.059","article-title":"Life Cycle Energy Performances and Environmental Impacts of a Prefabricated Building Module","volume":"92","author":"Tumminia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. 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