{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T13:04:53Z","timestamp":1775480693541,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Innovation, Industry, Tourism and Trade of the Regional Government of Cantabria in the context of aid to encourage industrial research and innovation in companies","award":["2016\/INN\/25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/INN\/25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrating geomatics remote sensing technologies, including 3D terrestrial laser scanning, unmanned aerial vehicles, and ground penetrating radar enables the generation of comprehensive 2D, 2.5D, and 3D documentation for caves and their surroundings. This study focuses on the Altamira Cave\u2019s karst system in Spain, resulting in a thorough 3D mapping encompassing both cave interior and exterior topography along with significant discontinuities and karst features in the vicinity. Crucially, GPR mapping confirms that primary vertical discontinuities extend from the near-surface (Upper Layer) to the base of the Polychrome layer housing prehistoric paintings. This discovery signifies direct interconnections helping with fluid exchange between the cave\u2019s interior and exterior, a groundbreaking revelation. Such fluid movement has profound implications for site conservation. The utilization of various GPR antennas corroborates the initial hypothesis regarding fluid exchanges and provides concrete proof of their occurrence. This study underscores the indispensability of integrated 3D mapping and GPR techniques for monitoring fluid dynamics within the cave. These tools are vital for safeguarding Altamira, a site of exceptional significance due to its invaluable prehistoric cave paintings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T08:44:27Z","timestamp":1699865067000},"page":"9153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Multimodal Research Approach to Assessing the Karst Structural Conditions of the Ceiling of a Cave with Palaeolithic Cave Art Paintings: Polychrome Hall at Altamira Cave (Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3656-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Bayarri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GIM Geomatics, S.L. C\/Conde Torreanaz 8, 39300 Torrelavega, Spain"},{"name":"Polytechnic School, Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico, Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantabria, C\/Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Altamira, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, S\/N, 39330 Santillana del Mar, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1488-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219957","article-title":"U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain","volume":"336","author":"Pike","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Guinea, G. 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