{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:28:17Z","timestamp":1760171297851,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese National Key Basic Research Special Fund","award":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Science and Technology Project","award":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704402","2018YFB2201801","2017YFA0206401","2018YFE0201200","2020YFB2205800","61975075","61975076","62004094","BK20200334","BE2017003-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a microsphere-based microsensor that can measure the vibrations of the miniature motor shaft (MMS) in a small space. The microsensor is composed of a stretched fiber and a microsphere with a diameter of 5 \u03bcm. When a light source is incident on the microsphere surface, the microsphere induces the phenomenon of photonic nanojet (PNJ), which causes light to pass through the front. The PNJ\u2019s full width at half maximum is narrow, surpassing the diffraction limit, enables precise focusing on the MMS surface, and enhances the scattered or reflected light emitted from the MMS surface. With two of the proposed microsensors, the axial and radial vibration of the MMS are measured simultaneously. The performance of the microsensor has been calibrated with a standard vibration source, demonstrating measurement errors of less than 1.5%. The microsensor is expected to be used in a confined space for the vibration measurement of miniature motors in industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T08:19:43Z","timestamp":1700122783000},"page":"9196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Microsphere-Based Microsensor for Miniature Motors\u2019 Vibration Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7575-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaichuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qilu","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7006-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqiang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.W., Sun, Z.J., Yan, H., and Chen, J.Y. (2022). Design of a Magnetically Anchored Laparoscope Using Miniature Ultrasonic Motors. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13060855"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-009-0830-5","article-title":"A Miniature Spindle Motor with Fluid Dynamic Bearings for Portable Storage Device Applications","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9958412","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9958412","article-title":"Failure Probability Modeling of Miniature DC Motors and Its Application in Fault Diagnosis","volume":"2021","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock. Vib."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4805","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.46.4805","article-title":"Development of a Mechanical Scanning-Type Intravascular Ultrasound System Using a Miniature Ultrasound Motor","volume":"46","author":"Tanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2018.1524313","article-title":"Miniature Direct-Drive Two-Link Using a Micro-Flat Ultrasonic Motor","volume":"32","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Robot."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of Single-Channel Shaft Vibration Meter for Rotating Machinery","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Instrum. Tech. Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"A New Capacitive Proximity Probe Immune to Electrical Runout","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Can. Mach. Vib. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2304","article-title":"Development of Small-Strain Triaxial Apparatus Using LVDT Sensors and Its Application to Soft Clay Test","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2012.2226739","article-title":"Runout Tracking in Electric Motors Using Self-Mixing Interferometry","volume":"19","author":"Atashkhooei","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE-ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.003269","article-title":"Digital Holographic Interferometry for Simultaneous Orthogonal Radial Vibration Measurements along Rotating Shafts","volume":"47","author":"Tatar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"87","article-title":"Light Scattering by Small Particles","volume":"47","author":"Huber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aqua"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.7.001820","article-title":"Refractive Index Less Than Two: Photonic Nanojets Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Invited","volume":"7","author":"Minin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022001","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7647\/abdb05","article-title":"Photonic nanojets and their applications","volume":"3","author":"Darafsheh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Song, W.Y., Zhao, Y., Cao, Q., and Wen, A.H. (2021). Optical Trapping, Sensing, and Imaging by Photonic Nanojets. Photonics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics8100434"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouaziz, D., Chabrol, G., Guessoum, A., Demagh, N.E., and Lecler, S. (2021). Photonic Jet-Shaped Optical Fiber Tips Versus Lensed Fibers. Photonics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics8090373"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.126283","article-title":"All-Fiber Differential Interferometer for Nanometric Displacement Measurement","volume":"475","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.30.001211","article-title":"All-Fiber Vibration Sensor Based on a Fabry-Perot Interferometer and a Microstructure Beam","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3152045","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Air Pressure Sensor Based on Fabry-Perot Interference","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11801-019-8112-7","article-title":"A Double-Cladding Fiber Curvature Sensor Based on the Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometer","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optoelectron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.001168","article-title":"Five-Step Phase-Shifting White-Light Interferometry for the Measurement of Fiber Optic Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometers","volume":"57","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091202","DOI":"10.3788\/COL202119.091202","article-title":"Reconstruction of Fabry-Perot Cavity Interferometer Nanometer Micro-Displacement Based on Hilbert Transform","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.12.032","article-title":"Vibration Measurement Based on Multiple Hilbert Transform for Self-Mixing Interferometry","volume":"436","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/00150193.2014.974472","article-title":"Simulation and Experimental Studies on Tri-Phasic PZT Piezoelectric Transducer","volume":"473","author":"Tamez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J.J., Ren, J.Y., and Sun, H.X. (2022). A Novel Design of an Inner Rotor for Optimizing the Air-Gap Magnetic Field of Hollow-Cup Motors. Machines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/machines10050314"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/22\/9196\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1760131409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/22\/9196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s23229196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23229196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]}}}