{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:48:23Z","timestamp":1768927703666,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (FISM)","award":["N16\/17\/F14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N16\/17\/F14"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["N16\/17\/F14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N16\/17\/F14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Limited longitudinal studies have been conducted on gait impairment progression overtime in non-disabled people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Therefore, a deeper understanding of gait changes with the progression of the disease is essential. The objective of the present study was to describe changes in gait quality in PwMS with a disease duration \u2264 5 years, and to verify whether a change in gait quality is associated with a change in disability and perception of gait deterioration. We conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study. Fifty-six subjects were assessed at baseline (age: 38.2 \u00b1 10.7 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS): 1.5 \u00b1 0.7 points) and after 2 years, participants performed the six-minute walk test (6MWT) wearing inertial sensors. Quality of gait (regularity, symmetry, and instability), disability (EDSS), and walking perception (multiple sclerosis walking scale-12, MSWS-12) were collected. We found no differences on EDSS, 6MWT, and MSWS-12 between baseline and follow-up. A statistically significant correlation between increased EDSS scores and increased gait instability was found in the antero-posterior (AP) direction (r = 0.34, p = 0.01). Seventeen subjects (30%) deteriorated (increase of at least 0.5 point at EDSS) over 2 years. A multivariate analysis on deteriorated PwMS showed that changes in gait instability medio-lateral (ML) and stride regularity, and changes in ML gait symmetry were significantly associated with changes in EDSS (F = 7.80 (3,13), p = 0.003, R2 = 0.56). Moreover, gait changes were associated with a decrease in PwMS perception on stability (p &lt; 0.05). Instrumented assessment can detect subtle changes in gait stability, regularity, and symmetry not revealed during EDSS neurological assessment. Moreover, instrumented changes in gait quality impact on subjects\u2019 perception of gait during activities of daily living.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1700213023000},"page":"9249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Uncovering Subtle Gait Deterioration in People with Early-Stage Multiple Sclerosis Using Inertial Sensors: A 2-Year Multicenter Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6057-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Gervasoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-4366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Anastasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Di Giovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Centro di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (CRRF) \u201cMons. Luigi Novarese\u201d, 13040 Moncrivello, Italy"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Solaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Rovaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2026-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Brichetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Scientific Research Area, 16126 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Confalonieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Foundation \u201cCarlo Besta\u201d Neurological Institute, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tacchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Scientific Research Area, 16126 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Carpinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32388-1","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis 2 Evolving Concepts in the Treatment of Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"389","author":"Comi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103802","article-title":"Prognosis of Walking Function in Multiple Sclerosis Supported by Gait Pattern Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Hostettler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. 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