{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1768991098538,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Steel-reinforced concrete decks are prominently utilized in various civil structures such as bridges and railways, where they are susceptible to unforeseen impact forces during their operational lifespan. The precise identification of the impact events holds a pivotal role in the robust health monitoring of these structures. However, direct measurement is not usually possible due to structural limitations that restrict arbitrary sensor placement. To address this challenge, inverse identification emerges as a plausible solution, albeit afflicted by the issue of ill-posedness. In tackling such ill-conditioned challenges, the iterative regularization technique known as the Landweber method proves valuable. This technique leads to a more reliable and accurate solution compared with traditional direct regularization methods and it is, additionally, more suitable for large-scale problems due to the alleviated computation burden. This paper employs the Landweber method to perform a comprehensive impact force identification encompassing impact localization and impact time\u2013history reconstruction. The incorporation of a low-pass filter within the Landweber-based identification procedure is proposed to augment the reconstruction process. Moreover, a standardized reconstruction error metric is presented, offering a more effective means of accuracy assessment. A detailed discussion on sensor placement and the optimal number of regularization iterations is presented. To automatedly localize the impact force, a Gaussian profile is proposed, against which reconstructed impact forces are compared. The efficacy of the proposed techniques is illustrated by utilizing the experimental data acquired from a bridge concrete deck reinforced with a steel beam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T01:54:12Z","timestamp":1700445252000},"page":"9257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Iterative-Based Impact Force Identification on a Bridge Concrete Deck"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2847-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Tashakori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Kalhori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineeinrg, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65167-38695, Iran"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Bahmanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022226","DOI":"10.1061\/JSENDH.STENG-11309","article-title":"Damage Detection of Composite Beams via Variational Mode Decomposition of Shear-Slip Data","volume":"149","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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