{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:42:36Z","timestamp":1760150556042,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an occupant localization technique that determines the location of individuals in indoor environments by analyzing the structural vibrations of the floor caused by their footsteps. Structural vibration waves are difficult to measure as they are influenced by various factors, including the complex nature of wave propagation in heterogeneous and dispersive media (such as the floor) as well as the inherent noise characteristics of sensors observing the vibration wavefronts. The proposed vibration-based occupant localization technique minimizes the errors that occur during the signal acquisition time. In this process, the likelihood function of each sensor\u2014representing where the occupant likely resides in the environment\u2014is fused to obtain a consensual localization result in a collective manner. In this work, it becomes evident that the above sources of uncertainties can render certain sensors deceptive, commonly referred to as \u201cByzantines.\u201d Because the ratio of Byzantines among the set sensors defines the success of the collective localization results, this paper introduces a Byzantine sensor elimination (BSE) algorithm to prevent the unreliable information of Byzantine sensors from affecting the location estimations. This algorithm identifies and eliminates sensors that generate erroneous estimates, preventing the influence of these sensors on the overall consensus. To validate and benchmark the proposed technique, a set of previously conducted controlled experiments was employed. The empirical results demonstrate the proposed technique\u2019s significant improvement (3~0%) over the baseline approach in terms of both accuracy and precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1700568733000},"page":"9309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Multi-Sensor Stochastic Energy-Based Vibro-Localization Technique with Byzantine Sensor Elimination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8287-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Ambarkutuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7864-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u2019ed","family":"Alajlouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-8484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo A.","family":"Tarazaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Mike Walker \u201866 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5413-474X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul E.","family":"Plassmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101681A","article-title":"Classification of event location using matched filters via on-floor accelerometers","volume":"10168","author":"Woolard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Smart Struct. Technol. Civ. Mech. Aerosp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2937960","article-title":"Smart Home Monitoring System via Footstep-Induced Vibrations","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. 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