{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T16:22:38Z","timestamp":1782577358741,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","award":["5111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Force myography (FMG) represents a promising alternative to surface electromyography (EMG) in the context of controlling bio-robotic hands. In this study, we built upon our prior research by introducing a novel wearable armband based on FMG technology, which integrates force-sensitive resistor (FSR) sensors housed in newly designed casings. We evaluated the sensors\u2019 characteristics, including their load\u2013voltage relationship and signal stability during the execution of gestures over time. Two sensor arrangements were evaluated: arrangement A, featuring sensors spaced at 4.5 cm intervals, and arrangement B, with sensors distributed evenly along the forearm. The data collection involved six participants, including three individuals with trans-radial amputations, who performed nine upper limb gestures. The prediction performance was assessed using support vector machines (SVMs) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms for both sensor arrangments. The results revealed that the developed sensor exhibited non-linear behavior, and its sensitivity varied with the applied force. Notably, arrangement B outperformed arrangement A in classifying the nine gestures, with an average accuracy of 95.4 \u00b1 2.1% compared to arrangement A\u2019s 91.3 \u00b1 2.3%. The utilization of the arrangement B armband led to a substantial increase in the average prediction accuracy, demonstrating an improvement of up to 4.5%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T06:06:23Z","timestamp":1700719583000},"page":"9357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Wearable Force Myography-Based Armband for Recognition of Upper Limb Gestures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0568-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5153-1926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izhar Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.196041","article-title":"Psychological effects of amputation: A review of studies from India","volume":"25","author":"Sahu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. 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