{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:10:29Z","timestamp":1760134229432,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021GY-168","2022GY-435","22JK0508","YCS23213113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GY-168","2022GY-435","22JK0508","YCS23213113"]}]},{"name":"Special scientific research Project of Shaanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["2021GY-168","2022GY-435","22JK0508","YCS23213113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GY-168","2022GY-435","22JK0508","YCS23213113"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Practical Ability Cultivation Program for Postgraduates of Xi\u2019an Shiyou University","award":["2021GY-168","2022GY-435","22JK0508","YCS23213113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GY-168","2022GY-435","22JK0508","YCS23213113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming at the problem that the traditional physical layer technology cannot realize secure transmission due to the large number of users and wide dispersion in the multicast system, a layered transmission method is proposed, and a scheme for the secure transmission of the multicast group physical layer is designed. Firstly, the hierarchical transmission system model is established. Then, the array weighted vector of each layer is optimized according to the design criterion of maximizing the artificial noise interference power. At the same time, in the case where the number of users in a single multicast group is greater than the number of transmitting antennas, a multicast grouping strategy is introduced, and the singular value decomposition and Lagrange multiplier algorithms are utilized to obtain the optimal solution. Simulation results show that the proposed method can realize the secure communication of users with different distances in the same direction and can distinguish the multicast users with the same direction angle and different distances under the premise of mutual non-interference, thus realizing the secure communication of large-scale multicast users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T11:31:25Z","timestamp":1700739085000},"page":"9358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large-Scale Multicast Group Secure Transmission Scheme Based on Multi-Carrier FDA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianbang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guowang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bari, N., Mani, G., and Berkovich, S. (2013, January 22\u201324). Internet of things as a methodological concept. Proceedings of the 2013 Fourth International Conference on Computing for Geospatial Research and Application, San Jose, CA, USA.","key":"ref_1","DOI":"10.1109\/COMGEO.2013.8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2018.12.003","article-title":"Alternating iterative secure structure between beamforming and power allocation for UAV-aided directional modulation networks","volume":"33","author":"Shu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2416657","article-title":"Toward social internet of vehicles: Concept, architecture, and applications","volume":"3","author":"Alam","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2558521","article-title":"A survey on wireless security: Technical challenges, recent advances, and future trends","volume":"104","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2885286","article-title":"Secure transmissions in wireless information and power transfer millimeter-wave ultra-dense networks","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2912611","article-title":"Secure communications in tiered 5G wireless networks with cooperative jamming","volume":"18","author":"Huo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"unstructured":"Stallings, W. (2006). Cryptography and Network Security, 4\/E, Pearson Education India.","key":"ref_7"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"6303210","article-title":"Physical Layer Security Technology Based on Nonorthogonal Multiple Access Communication","volume":"2022","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2023.3242128","article-title":"Array-Antenna Power-Pattern Analysis Through Quantum Computing","volume":"71","author":"Tosi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198595","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4198595","article-title":"Secure multiusers directional modulation scheme based on random frequency diverse arrays in broadcasting systems","volume":"2020","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2934462","article-title":"WFRFT-aided power-efficient multi-beam directional modulation schemes based on frequency diverse array","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2900942","article-title":"Multi-beam directional modulation synthesis scheme based on frequency diverse array","volume":"14","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715929","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4715929","article-title":"Artificial-noise-aided energy-efficient secure multibeam wireless communication schemes based on frequency diverse array","volume":"2020","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L. (2021, January 10\u201313). Layered Security Multicast Algorithm based on Security Energy Efficiency Maximization in SCMA Networks. Proceedings of the 2021 7th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC54389.2021.9674481"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2013.2296941","article-title":"Rank-two beamformed secure multicasting for wireless information and power transfer","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, Y., Cao, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, L., Pei, Q., Mumtaz, S., Dong, M., and Guizani, M. (IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2023). NOMA-Assisted Secure Offloading for Vehicular Edge Computing Networks With Asynchronous Deep Reinforcement Learning, IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., early access.","key":"ref_16","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3320861"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8662","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3175181","article-title":"Enhancing reliability and security of UAV-enabled NOMA communications with power allocation and aerial jamming","volume":"71","author":"Diao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3144531","article-title":"Security at physical layer in NOMA relaying networks with cooperative jamming","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baddi, Y., Sebbar, A., Zkik, K., Maleh, Y., Bensalah, F., and Boulmalf, M. (2023). MSDN-IoT multicast group communication in IoT based on software defined networking. J. Reliab. Intell. Environ., 1\u201312.","key":"ref_19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-023-00203-x"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/23\/9358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:28:26Z","timestamp":1760131706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/23\/9358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s23239358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23239358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]}}}