{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:27Z","timestamp":1760134287446,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agenc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-20-2-0002","DE-NA0003920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-20-2-0002","DE-NA0003920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Consortium for Monitoring, Technology, and Verification","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-20-2-0002","DE-NA0003920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-20-2-0002","DE-NA0003920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The optical filament-based radioxenon sensing can potentially overcome the constraints of conventional detection techniques that are relevant for nuclear security applications. This study investigates the spectral signatures of pure xenon (Xe) when excited by ultrafast laser filaments at near-atmosphericpressure and in short and loose-focusing conditions. The two focusing conditions lead to laser intensity differences of several orders of magnitude and different plasma transient behavior. The gaseous sample was excited at atmospheric pressure using \u223c7 mJ pulses with a 35 fs pulse duration at 800 nm wavelength. The optical signatures were studied by time-resolved spectrometry and imaging in orthogonal light collection configurations in the \u223c400 nm (VIS) and \u223c800 nm (NIR) spectral regions. The most prominent spectral lines of atomic Xe are observable in both focusing conditions. An on-axis light collection from an atmospheric air\u2013Xe plasma mixture demonstrates the potential of femtosecond filamentation for the remote sensing of noble gases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T03:54:35Z","timestamp":1700798075000},"page":"9374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrafast Laser-Excited Optical Emission of Xe under Loose-Focusing Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Burger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"G\u00e9rard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle S.","family":"Latty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1758-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"G\u00e9rard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8957-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago","family":"Arnaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4829-5955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle C.","family":"Hartig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0573-3150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"G\u00e9rard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1126\/science.192.4245.1235","article-title":"Xenon-133: Ambient Activity from Nuclear Power Stations","volume":"192","author":"Kunz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-020-02440-0","article-title":"A Review of Global Radioxenon Background Research and Issues","volume":"178","author":"Bowyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pure Appl. 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