{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:20:14Z","timestamp":1774527614387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wind erosion monitoring is an important method for measuring soil erosion and desertification. However, the current wind erosion monitoring equipment has the disadvantages of low automation and low measurement accuracy. In this work, an intelligent wind erosion monitoring system is developed, which can automatically collect and upload information on sand and the environment. The structure of the mechanical parts is designed and optimized to reduce the measurement error caused by the windblown sand impact on the sample collection to improve the stability of the system. A specific scheme for the precision calibration of the load cell is developed and implemented. The jitter parameters of the load cell were determined using the JY61 six-axis acceleration sensor, and then the optimal scheme to eliminate the jitter error was determined by comparing two neural network models in MATLAB 2021a software, and the precision calibration of the load cell was completed. As a result, the system has a reliable mechanical structure and hardware system and a perfect error compensation processing scheme. In a certain period, the system can be fully automatic with stable operation. The field operation test of this system can meet the design requirements and improve the measurement accuracy of windblown sand wells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T10:10:39Z","timestamp":1700820639000},"page":"9389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of an Intelligent Wind Erosion Monitoring System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Linhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siwen","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3556","article-title":"Global desertification vulnerability to climate change and human activities","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-020-02943-2","article-title":"Geopolymerization of soil by sodium silicate as an approach to control wind erosion","volume":"18","author":"Koohestani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-016-2606-4","article-title":"Interactions between freeze\u2013thaw actions, wind erosion desertification, and permafrost in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","volume":"85","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(08)60400-9","article-title":"The physics of wind erosion and its control","volume":"15","author":"Chepil","year":"1963","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Shang, J., Huang, D., Tang, S., Zhao, T., Yang, X., Zhang, Q., Liu, K., and Shao, X. (2019). Grazing and cultivated grasslands cause different spatial redistributions of soil particles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152639"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Ding, G.-D., Yu, M.-H., Gao, G.-L., Zhao, Y.-Y., Wu, G.-H., and Wang, L. (2018). Effect of straw checkerboards on wind proofing, sand fixation, and ecological restoration in shifting sandy land. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102184"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021314927209","article-title":"Windbreaks in southern Patagonia, Argentina: A review of research on growth models, windspeed reduction, and effects oncrops","volume":"56","author":"Peri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L.-Y., Xiao, Y., Rao, E.-M., Jiang, L., Xiao, Y., and Ouyang, Z.-Y. (2018). An assessment of the impact of urbanization on soil erosion in Inner Mongolia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030550"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"10","article-title":"Ecological benefits of trees as windbreaks and shelterbelts","volume":"6","author":"Alemu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Ecosyst"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00140536","article-title":"Wind erosion climatic erosivity","volume":"9","author":"Skidmore","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Kimura, R., and Wu, J. (2020). Vertical Profiles of Wind-Blown Sand Flux over Fine Gravel Surfaces and Their Implications for Field Observation in Arid Regions. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11101029"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Merva, G., and Peterson, G. (1983). Wind erosion sampling in the North Central Region. Microfiche Collect., 22."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1071\/SR9930519","article-title":"Efficiencies of sediment samplers for wind erosion measurement","volume":"31","author":"Shao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soil Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10009","DOI":"10.1029\/JB087iB12p10009","article-title":"Rate of wind abrasion on Mars","volume":"87","author":"Greeley","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"117","article-title":"A field dust sampler","volume":"41","author":"Fryrear","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2021.104857","article-title":"Aeolian sediment transport over the Gobi with high gravel coverage under extremely strong winds in the Hundred Miles windy area along the Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-Speed Railway","volume":"220","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2018.01.001","article-title":"Field testing, comparison, and discussion of five aeolian sand transport measuring devices operating on different measuring principles","volume":"32","author":"Goossens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2014.02.006","article-title":"A high-efficiency, low-cost aeolian sand trap","volume":"13","author":"Sherman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kosmadakis, I., Tsardaklis, P., Ioannou, K., and Zaimes, G.N. (2015, January 17\u201320). A Novel Fully Automated Soil Erosion Monitoring System. Proceedings of the HAICTA, Kavala, Greece."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.104889","article-title":"Automated system for soil wind erosion studies","volume":"164","author":"Lozano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1166","article-title":"A Continuous-weighing Sand Trap: Design and field evaluations","volume":"38","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-R., Lin, C.-W., and Lin, S.-Y. (2021). The use of InSAR phase coherence analyses for the monitoring of aeolian erosion. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122240"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarnecki, R., Wi\u015bniewski, W., \u015alusarski, W., and Wi\u0142koj\u0107, P. (2017, January 19\u201321). Traceable calibration of automatic weighing instruments operating in dynamic mode. Proceedings of the MATEC Web of Conferences, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201818202005"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, H., Duan, M., Duan, X., and Zhang, H. (2017, January 13\u201314). The Research of Eiderdown Quantitative Conveying and Automatic Weighing Method Based on PLC Control. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2017), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/icmeit-17.2017.120"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2012.07.010","article-title":"Model-based dynamic compensation of load cell response in weighing machines affected by environmental vibrations","volume":"34","author":"Boschetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2017.04.049","article-title":"Shaper-Based Filters for the compensation of the load cell response in dynamic mass measurement","volume":"98","author":"Richiedei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2014.02.013","article-title":"Dynamic mass measurement in checkweighers using a discrete time-variant low-pass filter","volume":"48","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2013.11.042","article-title":"Kullback\u2013Leibler average, consensus on probability densities, and distributed state estimation with guaranteed stability","volume":"50","author":"Battistelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Xu, X., Hao, X., Liu, R., and Hu, B. (2022, January 19\u201321). Filtering processing of belt scale signal based on MATLAB. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Automation, Control, and Communication Engineering (IWACCE 2022), Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiboni, M., Bussola, R., Aggogeri, F., and Amici, C. (2020). Experimental and model-based study of the vibrations in the load cell response of automatic weight fillers. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9060995"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"79","article-title":"Warpage Analysis and Optimization of Pencil Case Based on Moldflow","volume":"56","author":"Lianlei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Equip. Veh. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiboni, M., Incerti, G., Remino, C., and Lancini, M. (2018, January 20\u201322). Comparison of signal processing techniques for condition monitoring based on artificial neural networks. Proceedings of the Advances in Condition Monitoring of Machinery in Non-Stationary Operations, CMMNO\u20192018, Santander, Spain.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11220-2_19"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/23\/9389\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:29:38Z","timestamp":1760131778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/23\/9389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s23239389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23239389","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]}}}