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Outlier measurements can severely corrupt estimated locations. This article describes a new suite of location estimation algorithms for such systems. The new algorithms detect and discard outlier time-of-arrival observations, which can be caused by non-line-of-sight propagation, radio interference, clock glitches, or an overestimation of the signal-to-noise ratio. The new algorithms also detect cases in which two locations are equally consistent with measurements and can usually select the correct one. The new algorithms can also infer approximate altitude information from a digital elevation map to improve location estimates close to one of the sensors. Finally, the new algorithms approximate the covariance matrix of location estimates in a simpler and more reliable way than the baseline algorithm. Extensive testing on real-world data involving mobile transmitters attached to wild animals demonstrates the efficacy of the new algorithms. Performance testing also shows that the new algorithms are fast and that they can easily cope with high-throughput real-time loads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T07:41:32Z","timestamp":1701157292000},"page":"9460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Robust Time-of-Arrival Location Estimation Algorithms for Wildlife Tracking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6977-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eitam","family":"Arnon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4688-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shlomo","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5772-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assaf","family":"Uzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8941-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orr","family":"Spiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-7115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivan","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg1780","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg1780","article-title":"Big-data approaches lead to an increased understanding of the ecology of animal movement","volume":"375","author":"Nathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Diakogiannis, F., Mills, S., Bajema, N., Atkinson, I., Bishop-Hurley, G.J., and Charmley, E. 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