{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:52:35Z","timestamp":1768521155708,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Football League and the Study Melbourne Research Partnerships Program","award":["44012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["44012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have been validated for measuring sagittal plane lower-limb kinematics during moderate-speed running, but their accuracy at maximal speeds remains less understood. This study aimed to assess IMU measurement accuracy during high-speed running and maximal effort sprinting on a curved non-motorized treadmill using discrete (Bland\u2013Altman analysis) and continuous (root mean square error [RMSE], normalised RMSE, Pearson correlation, and statistical parametric mapping analysis [SPM]) metrics. The hip, knee, and ankle flexions and the pelvic orientation (tilt, obliquity, and rotation) were captured concurrently from both IMU and optical motion capture systems, as 20 participants ran steadily at 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% of their maximal effort sprinting speed (5.36 \u00b1 0.55, 6.02 \u00b1 0.60, 6.66 \u00b1 0.71, and 7.09 \u00b1 0.73 m\/s, respectively). Bland\u2013Altman analysis indicated a systematic bias within \u00b11\u00b0 for the peak pelvic tilt, rotation, and lower-limb kinematics and \u22123.3\u00b0 to \u22124.1\u00b0 for the pelvic obliquity. The SPM analysis demonstrated a good agreement in the hip and knee flexion angles for most phases of the stride cycle, albeit with significant differences noted around the ipsilateral toe-off. The RMSE ranged from 4.3\u00b0 (pelvic obliquity at 70% speed) to 7.8\u00b0 (hip flexion at 100% speed). Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.44 (pelvic tilt at 90%) to 0.99 (hip and knee flexions at all speeds). Running speed minimally but significantly affected the RMSE for the hip and ankle flexions. The present IMU system is effective for measuring lower-limb kinematics during sprinting, but the pelvic orientation estimation was less accurate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T05:28:21Z","timestamp":1701667701000},"page":"9599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Measure Lower-Limb Kinematics and Pelvic Orientation at Submaximal and Maximal Effort Running Speeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0352-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Chung","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"}]},{"given":"Declan S.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"}]},{"given":"Nirav","family":"Maniar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"}]},{"given":"Jack T.","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Sport Science and Nutrition, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Co. Kildare, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Ryan G.","family":"Timmins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4956-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan C.","family":"Heiderscheit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}]},{"given":"Silvia S.","family":"Blemker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA"},{"name":"Springbok Analytics, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Opar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0707.20","article-title":"Hamstring Strain Injury Rehabilitation","volume":"57","author":"Hickey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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