{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T21:44:55Z","timestamp":1781387095908,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article is a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art sensors of the built environment, applicable in construction, structural engineering, management, and planning industries. This review is framed within the technical definition of sensing systems and their components. Existing sensors are listed and described in two broad categories of structural health monitoring (SHM) and building environment monitoring (BEM). The SHM systems are used for monitoring the long-term performance of structures, such as bridges and buildings. BEM systems are employed to ensure the safety and comfort of the built environment\u2019s occupants, as well as the general monitoring of the environment for any required maintenance. The applications and implementation challenges of both systems are discussed, with emphasis on common sensing system limitations such as energy supply, packaging, network layout, and performance validation. Finally, the prospect of sensing systems as part of a digital twin that incorporates multifunctional sophisticated monitoring systems and intelligent analysis methods is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T02:55:32Z","timestamp":1701744932000},"page":"9632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sensing Systems in Construction and the Built Environment: Review, Prospective, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Amin","family":"Malekmohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Farzadnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Mines, University of Alaska Fairbank, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Hajrasouliha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of City & Regional Planning, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Lyn Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118528","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of timber structures\u2013Review of available methods and case studies","volume":"248","author":"Palma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. 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