{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:36:47Z","timestamp":1780483007699,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003032","name":"ORAMA project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-18-CE43-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-CE43-0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microalgae provide valuable bio-components with economic and environmental benefits. The monitoring of microalgal production is mostly performed using different sensors and analytical methods that, although very powerful, are limited to qualified users. This study proposes an automated Raman spectroscopy-based sensor for the online monitoring of microalgal production. For this purpose, an in situ system with a sampling station was made of a light-tight optical chamber connected to a Raman probe. Microalgal cultures were routed to this chamber by pipes connected to pumps and valves controlled and programmed by a computer. The developed approach was evaluated on Parachlorella kessleri under different culture conditions at a laboratory and an industrial algal platform. As a result, more than 4000 Raman spectra were generated and analysed by statistical methods. These spectra reflected the physiological state of the cells and demonstrate the ability of the developed sensor to monitor the physiology of microalgal cells and their intracellular molecules of interest in a complex production environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T14:12:51Z","timestamp":1702303971000},"page":"9746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development and Application of an Automated Raman Sensor for Bioprocess Monitoring: From the Laboratory to an Algae Production Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wiviane","family":"Wieser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Oniris, GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, F-85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"},{"name":"Tronico-Alcen, 26 rue du Bocage, F-85660 Saint-Philbert-De-Bouaine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony Ali","family":"Assaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Oniris, GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, F-85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Le Gouic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, Plateforme Algosolis, UMS CNRS 3722, F-44600 St Nazaire, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Dechandol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, Plateforme Algosolis, UMS CNRS 3722, F-44600 St Nazaire, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Herve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, Plateforme Algosolis, UMS CNRS 3722, F-44600 St Nazaire, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Louineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Oniris, GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, F-85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Hussein","family":"Dib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Oniris, GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, F-85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9498-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Oniris, GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, F-44600 St Nazaire, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Titica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Oniris, GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, F-44600 St Nazaire, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-8938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Couzinet-Mossion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetane","family":"Wielgosz-Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3296-7154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marine","family":"Bittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tronico-Alcen, 26 rue du Bocage, F-85660 Saint-Philbert-De-Bouaine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Thouand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Oniris, GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, F-85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02949276","article-title":"Microalgal Biotechnology: Carotenoid Production by the Green algae Dunaliella salina","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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