{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T02:53:02Z","timestamp":1778727182811,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["434617780-SFB 1464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["434617780-SFB 1464"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["390837967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390837967"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["50OQ2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ2301"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["50OQ0601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ0601"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["50OQ1301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ1301"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["50OQ1801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ1801"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society (MPS)","award":["434617780-SFB 1464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["434617780-SFB 1464"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society (MPS)","award":["390837967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390837967"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society (MPS)","award":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society (MPS)","award":["50OQ2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ2301"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society (MPS)","award":["50OQ0601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ0601"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society (MPS)","award":["50OQ1301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ1301"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society (MPS)","award":["50OQ1801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ1801"]}]},{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR)","award":["434617780-SFB 1464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["434617780-SFB 1464"]}]},{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR)","award":["390837967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390837967"]}]},{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR)","award":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"]}]},{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR)","award":["50OQ2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ2301"]}]},{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR)","award":["50OQ0601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ0601"]}]},{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR)","award":["50OQ1301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ1301"]}]},{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR)","award":["50OQ1801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50OQ1801"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Future GRACE-like geodesy missions could benefit from adopting accelerometer technology akin to that of the LISA Pathfinder, which employed laser interferometric readout at the sub-picometer level in addition to the conventional capacitive sensing, which is at best at the level of 100 pm. Improving accelerometer performance holds great potential to enhance the scientific output of forthcoming missions, carrying invaluable implications for research in climate, water resource management, and disaster risk reduction. To reach sub-picometer displacement sensing precision in the millihertz range, laser interferometers rely on suppression of laser-frequency noise by several orders of magnitude. Many optical frequency stabilization methods are available with varying levels of complexity, size, and performance. In this paper, we describe the performance of a Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer based on a compact monolithic optic. The setup consists of a commercial fiber injector, a custom-designed pentaprism used to split and recombine the laser beam, and two photoreceivers placed at the complementary output ports of the interferometer. The structural stability of the prism is transferred to the laser frequency via amplification, integration, and feedback of the balanced-detection signal, achieving a fractional frequency instability better than 6 parts in 1013, corresponding to an interferometer pathlength stability better than 1pm\/Hz. The prism was designed to host a second interferometer to interrogate the position of a test mass. This optical scheme has been dubbed \u201csingle-element dual-interferometer\u201d or SEDI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T14:12:51Z","timestamp":1702303971000},"page":"9758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Single-Element Dual-Interferometer for Precision Inertial Sensing: Sub-Picometer Structural Stability and Performance as a Reference for Laser Frequency Stabilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Huarcaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6300-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Dovale \u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5064-4619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohei","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yichao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Laser Link (Shanghai) Aerospace Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7117-1038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Gozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9463-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Mart\u00ednez Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"Mehmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Esteban Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1661-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Heinzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2514\/1.A34326","article-title":"GRACE-FO: The gravity recovery and climate experiment follow-on mission","volume":"56","author":"Kornfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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