{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T16:44:26Z","timestamp":1769273066848,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0449"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["KJQN202301430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202301430"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Education Commission of China","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0449"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Education Commission of China","award":["KJQN202301430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202301430"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a nondestructive, separate transmitter-receiver (TX-RX) electromagnetic measurement system for near-surface detection. Different from the traditional dual-coil integrated design, the proposed transient electromagnetic (TEM) system performs shallow subsurface detection using independent TX coil and movable RX coils. This configuration requires a large primary field so that the far-away secondary field is able to generate reliably induced voltages. To achieve this goal, a bipolar current-pulsed power supply (BCPPS) with a late resonant charging strategy is designed to produce a sufficiently large magnetic moment for the exciting coil with low source interference. The magnetic dipole source (MDS) with a large proportion of weight is separated from the field observation device and does not need to be dragged or transported during the detection process. This setup lowers the weight of the scanning device to 3 kg and greatly improves the measurement efficiency. The results of the laboratory test verify the effectiveness of the separate MDS and RX module system. Field experimental detection further demonstrates that the proposed system can realize highly efficient and shallow surface detection within a 200 m range of the MDS device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T05:23:22Z","timestamp":1702358602000},"page":"9771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Electromagnetic Detection System with Magnetic Dipole Source for Near-Surface Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company Electric Power Research Institute, Chongqing 401121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng-Ming","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7593-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2012.06.005","article-title":"Application of edge detection to potential field data using eigenvalue analysis of structure tensor","volume":"84","author":"Sertcelik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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