{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:41:57Z","timestamp":1760150517506,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EU Horizon 2020 ECSEL JU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["876487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["876487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Flemish Government","award":["876487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["876487"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a new cooperative method that improves the accuracy of Turn Movement Count (TMC) under challenging conditions by introducing contextual observations from the surrounding areas. The proposed method focuses on the correct identification of the movements in conditions where current methods have difficulties. Existing vision-based TMC systems are limited under heavy traffic conditions. The main problems for most existing methods are occlusions between vehicles that prevent the correct detection and tracking of the vehicles through the entire intersection and the assessment of the vehicle\u2019s entry and exit points, incorrectly assigning the movement. The proposed method intends to overcome this incapability by sharing information with other observation systems located at neighboring intersections. Shared information is used in a cooperative scheme to infer the missing data, thereby improving the assessment that would otherwise not be counted or miscounted. Experimental evaluation of the system shows a clear improvement over related reference methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T05:23:22Z","timestamp":1702358602000},"page":"9772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving Turn Movement Count Using Cooperative Feedback"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5031-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Heyer-Wollenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2013imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengjin","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2013imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8790-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubomir","family":"Jovanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2013imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1666-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2013imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Philips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University\u2013imec, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.09.045","article-title":"A novel video based system for detecting and counting vehicles at user-defined virtual loops","volume":"42","author":"Barcellos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Syst. 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