{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T04:58:30Z","timestamp":1774673910599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Canterbury Doctoral Scholarship","award":["#872488 DCPM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#872488 DCPM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Technically, a simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive method of ascertaining volume changes in thoracic and abdominal cavities are required to expedite the development and validation of pulmonary mechanics models. Clinically, this measure enables the real-time monitoring of muscular recruitment patterns and breathing effort. Thus, it has the potential, for example, to help differentiate between respiratory disease and dysfunctional breathing, which otherwise can present with similar symptoms such as breath rate. Current automatic methods of measuring chest expansion are invasive, intrusive, and\/or difficult to conduct in conjunction with pulmonary function testing (spontaneous breathing pressure and flow measurements). (2) Methods: A tape measure and rotary encoder band system developed by the authors was used to directly measure changes in thoracic and abdominal circumferences without the calibration required for analogous strain-gauge-based or image processing solutions. (3) Results: Using scaling factors from the literature allowed for the conversion of thoracic and abdominal motion to lung volume, combining motion measurements correlated to flow-based measured tidal volume (normalised by subject weight) with R2 = 0.79 in data from 29 healthy adult subjects during panting, normal, and deep breathing at 0 cmH2O (ZEEP), 4 cmH2O, and 8 cmH2O PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure). However, the correlation for individual subjects is substantially higher, indicating size and other physiological differences should be accounted for in scaling. The pattern of abdominal and chest expansion was captured, allowing for the analysis of muscular recruitment patterns over different breathing modes and the differentiation of active and passive modes. (4) Conclusions: The method and measuring device(s) enable the validation of patient-specific lung mechanics models and accurately elucidate diaphragmatic-driven volume changes due to intercostal\/chest-wall muscular recruitment and elastic recoil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T05:23:22Z","timestamp":1702358602000},"page":"9774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Non-Invasive Assessment of Abdominal\/Diaphragmatic and Thoracic\/Intercostal Spontaneous Breathing Contributions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-9096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella F. S.","family":"Guy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioengineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Jaimey A.","family":"Clifton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioengineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Knopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioengineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Lui R.","family":"Holder-Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9989-4849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Geoffrey","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioengineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201311-405PS","article-title":"The global burden of respiratory disease","volume":"11","author":"Ferkol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00001714","article-title":"Climate change and respiratory diseases","volume":"23","author":"Cecchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0446","article-title":"The global burden of chronic respiratory disease in adults","volume":"19","author":"Burney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. 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