{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:45:20Z","timestamp":1760150720744,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN","award":["2020HCWWLP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020HCWWLP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, there is an ever-growing interest in assessing the collective intelligence (CI) of a team in a wide range of scenarios, thanks to its potential in enhancing teamwork and group performance. Recently, special attention has been devoted on the clinical setting, where breakdowns in teamwork, leadership, and communication can lead to adverse events, compromising patient safety. So far, researchers have mostly relied on surveys to study human behavior and group dynamics; however, this method is ineffective. In contrast, a promising solution to monitor behavioral and individual features that are reflective of CI is represented by wearable technologies. To date, the field of CI assessment still appears unstructured; therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to provide a detailed overview of the main group and individual parameters that can be monitored to evaluate CI in clinical settings, together with the wearables either already used to assess them or that have the potential to be applied in this scenario. The working principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each device are introduced in order to try to bring order in this field and provide a guide for future CI investigations in medical contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T09:15:33Z","timestamp":1702372533000},"page":"9777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Wearable Systems for Unveiling Collective Intelligence in Clinical Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Pulcinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Pinnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Massaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1507-231X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Lo Presti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4039-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Fortino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIMES, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 41C, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193147","article-title":"Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups","volume":"330","author":"Woolley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721415599543","article-title":"Collective Intelligence and Group Performance","volume":"24","author":"Woolley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/1412107","article-title":"\u2018General Intelligence,\u2019 Objectively Determined and Measured","volume":"15","author":"Spearman","year":"1904","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2008.01717.x","article-title":"Teamwork and patient safety in dynamic domains of healthcare: A review of the literature","volume":"53","author":"Manser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Presti, D.L., De Tommasi, F., Romano, C., Pulcinelli, M., Pinnelli, M., Massaroni, C., Lanni, B., Carassiti, M., Fortino, G., and Schena, E. (2022, January 12\u201315). A quantitative assessment of team members physiological traits and interactions for the development of Collective In-telligence in a clinical scenario. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC\/PiCom\/CBDCom\/CyberSciTech), Falerna, Italy."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-019-0411-3","article-title":"Interventions to improve team effectiveness within health care: A systematic review of the past decade","volume":"18","author":"Doekhie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"518","article-title":"Debriefing Medical Teams: 12 Evidence-Based Best Practices and Tips","volume":"34","author":"Salas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jt. Comm. J. Qual. Patient Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.12478","article-title":"Multidisciplinary team simulation for the operating theatre: A review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1506","article-title":"Association between Implementation of a Medical Team Training Program and Surgical Mortality","volume":"304","author":"Neily","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aenj.2015.10.001","article-title":"What is the impact of multidisciplinary team simulation training on team performance and efficiency of patient care? An integrative review","volume":"19","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australas. Emerg. Nurs. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000120","article-title":"Saving lives: A meta-analysis of team training in healthcare","volume":"101","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-131702","article-title":"Attitudes to teamwork and safety among Italian surgeons and operating room nurses","volume":"49","author":"Prati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-666X(06)80084-3","article-title":"Attitudes to teamwork and safety in the operating theatre","volume":"4","author":"Flin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0488-9","article-title":"Observational Assessment of Surgical Teamwork: A Feasibility Study","volume":"30","author":"Undre","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/13561820600937473","article-title":"The complexity of measuring interprofessional teamwork in the operating theatre","volume":"20","author":"Healey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Interprof. Care"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Olgu\u00edn, D.O., and Pentland, A. (2007, January 11). Sociometric Badges: State of the Art and Future Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE 11th International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2008.2006638","article-title":"Sensible Organizations: Technology and Methodology for Automatically Measuring Organizational Behavior","volume":"39","author":"Olguin","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Olgu\u00edn, D.O., and Pentland, A. (2010, January 6\u201310). Assessing Group Performance from Collective Behavior. Proceedings of the CSCW Workshop on Collective Intelligence in Organizations, Savannah, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1776","article-title":"Sociometric badges: Using sensor technology to capture new forms of collaboration","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.2144\/btn-2020-0160","article-title":"Sociometric wearable devices for studying human behavior in corporate and healthcare workplaces","volume":"71","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.05.028","article-title":"A wearable approach for intraoperative physiological stress monitoring of multiple cooperative surgeons","volume":"129","author":"Pimentel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hachisu, T., Pan, Y., Matsuda, S., Bourreau, B., and Suzuki, K. (2018). FaceLooks: A Smart Headband for Signaling Face-to-Face Behavior. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072066"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattuto, C., Van den Broeck, W., Barrat, A., Colizza, V., Pinton, J.-F., and Vespignani, A. (2010). Dynamics of Person-to-Person Interactions from Distributed RFID Sensor Networks. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011596"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isella, L., Romano, M., Barrat, A., Cattuto, C., Colizza, V., Van den Broeck, W., Gesualdo, F., Pandolfi, E., Rav\u00e0, L., and Rizzo, C. (2011). Close Encounters in a Pediatric Ward: Measuring Face-to-Face Proximity and Mixing Patterns with Wearable Sensors. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017144"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presti, D.L., Bianchi, D., Massaroni, C., Gizzi, A., and Schena, E. (2022). A Soft and Skin-Interfaced Smart Patch Based on Fiber Optics for Cardiorespiratory Monitoring. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12060363"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2016.2608658","article-title":"Network-Based Modeling for Characterizing Human Collective Behaviors During Extreme Events","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156863","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3019138","article-title":"Fiber Bragg Gratings for Medical Applications and Future Challenges: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Presti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Undre, S., and London, F. (2007). Team Performance in the Operating Theatre. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of London]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Olgu\u00edn, D.O., Gloor, P.A., and Pentland, A. (2009, January 23\u201325). Capturing Individual and Group Behavior with Wearable Sensors. Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium\u2014Technical Report, Palo Alto, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Wu, L., Waber, B., Aral, S., Brynjolfsson, E., and Sandy, A. (2023, October 01). Pentland Mining Face-to-Face Interaction Networks Using Sociometric Badges: Predicting Productivity in an it Configuration TASK. Available online: http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1130251."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.05.025","article-title":"A systematic review of teamwork in the intensive care unit: What do we know about teamwork, team tasks, and improvement strategies?","volume":"29","author":"Dietz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higo, N., Ogawa, K.-I., Minemura, J., Xu, B., Nozawa, T., Ogata, T., Ara, K., Yano, K., and Miyake, Y. (2014). Interpersonal Similarity between Body Movements in Face-To-Face Communication in Daily Life. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102019"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"406","article-title":"Integrating Wearable Sensor Technology into Project-management Process","volume":"20","author":"Ara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"69","article-title":"Sensor-Based Organizational Design and Engineering","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Organ. Des. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0405-1","article-title":"Intelligent Emergency Department: Validation of Sociometers to Study Workload","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olguin, D.O., Gloor, P.A., and Pentland, A. (2009, January 1\u20133). Wearable sensors for pervasive healthcare management. Proceedings of the 3d International ICST Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, London UK.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.PERVASIVEHEALTH2009.6033"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen, M.A., Dietz, A.S., Lee, N., Wang, I.-J., Markowitz, J., Wyskiel, R.M., Yang, T., Priebe, C.E., Sapirstein, A., and Gurses, A.P. (2018). Sensor-based measurement of critical care nursing workload: Unobtrusive measures of nursing activity complement traditional task and patient level indicators of workload to predict perceived exertion. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204819"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.14786\/flr.v6i3.353","article-title":"Using sensor technology to capture the structure and content of team interactions in medical emergency teams during stressful moments","volume":"6","author":"Endedijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontline Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-12-2019-0792","article-title":"Silence is golden: The role of team coordination in health operations","volume":"40","author":"Stefanini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.12.038","article-title":"Patient satisfaction in emergency department: Unveiling complex interactions by wearable sensors","volume":"129","author":"Stefanini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606987","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.606987","article-title":"How ICU Patient Severity Affects Communicative Interactions between Healthcare Professionals: A Study Utilizing Wearable Sociometric Badges","volume":"7","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23184","DOI":"10.2196\/23184","article-title":"Social Network Analysis of Intensive Care Unit Health Care Professionals Measured by Wearable Sociometric Badges: Longitudinal Observational Study","volume":"22","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1180-y","article-title":"The validity of RFID badges measuring face-to-face interactions","volume":"51","author":"Elmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.04.015","article-title":"Mental health and social networks in early adolescence: A dynamic study of objectively-measured social interaction behaviors","volume":"125","author":"Pachucki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2004.06.005","article-title":"Team member proximity and teamwork in innovative projects","volume":"33","author":"Hoegl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Maldonado, R., Yacef, K., Dos Santos, A.D.P., Shum, S.B., Echeverria, V., Santos, O.C., and Pechenizkiy, M. (2017, January 3\u20137). Towards Proximity Tracking and Sensemaking for Supporting Teamwork and Learning. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), Timisoara, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2017.79"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2006.1672982","article-title":"Collective intelligence","volume":"1","author":"Pentland","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Intell. Mag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5885.2011.00890.x","article-title":"Bringing Employees Closer: The Effect of Proximity on Communication When Teams Function under Time Pressure","volume":"29","author":"Chong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Prod. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, S., Zhou, B., Bello, H., and Lukowicz, P. (2020, January 12\u201316). A wearable magnetic field based proximity sensing system for monitoring COVID-19 social distancing. Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Online, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1145\/3410531.3414313"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20734","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2895075","article-title":"A Smartphone Magnetometer-Based Diagnostic Test for Automatic Contact Tracing in Infectious Disease Epidemics","volume":"7","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stopczynski, A., Sekara, V., Sapiezynski, P., Cuttone, A., Madsen, M.M., Larsen, J.E., and Lehmann, S. (2014). Measuring Large-Scale Social Networks with High Resolution. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095978"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., and Culler, D. (2005, January 15). Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research. Proceedings of the IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, Boise, ID, USA."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0084-2","article-title":"Quantifying social contacts in a household setting of rural Kenya using wearable proximity sensors","volume":"5","author":"Kiti","year":"2016","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009094108","article-title":"A high-resolution human contact network for infectious disease transmission","volume":"107","author":"Kazandjieva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanhems, P., Barrat, A., Cattuto, C., Pinton, J.-F., Khanafer, N., R\u00e9gis, C., Kim, B.-A., Comte, B., and Voirin, N. (2013). Estimating Potential Infection Transmission Routes in Hospital Wards Using Wearable Proximity Sensors. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/b20d3cec-62b7-44ec-9150-8a06a9b30a9b"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931215591117","article-title":"Application of sociometer badges in simulated health environments","volume":"59","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"525","article-title":"Comparison of RFID systems for tracking clinical interventions at the bedside","volume":"2008","author":"Ohashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Ni, L.M., Liu, Y., Lau, Y.C., and Patil, A.P. (2003, January 26). LANDMARC: Indoor location sensing using active RFID. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Jin, G.-Y., Lu, X.-Y., and Park, M.-S. (2006, January 5\u20137). An Indoor Localization Mechanism Using Active RFID Tag. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC\u201906), Taichung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, Z., Luo, D., Henry, P., Kazemifar, S., Rozario, T., Yan, Y., Westover, K., Lu, W., Nguyen, D., and Long, T. (2018). Accurate real time localization tracking in a clinical environment using Bluetooth Low Energy and deep learning. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205392"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Madhavapeddy, A., and Tse, A. (2005). International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, Springer."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Bekkelien, A., Deriaz, M., and Marchand-Maillet, S. (2012). Bluetooth Indoor Positioning. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Geneva]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Q., and Son, J. (2022). Analysis of Bluetooth RSSI for Proximity Detection of Ship Passengers. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010517"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, T., Tan, J., Zhuo, W., Printz, M., and Chan, S.-H.G. (2022, January 2\u20135). Tackling Multipath and Biased Training Data for IMU-Assisted BLE Proximity Detection. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2022-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796716"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obadia, T., Silhol, R., Opatowski, L., Temime, L., Legrand, J., Thi\u00e9baut, A.C.M., Herrmann, J.-L., Fleury, E., Guillemot, D., and Bo\u00eblle, P.-Y. (2015). Detailed Contact Data and the Dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitals. PLoS Comput. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004170"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39570","DOI":"10.2196\/39570","article-title":"Using a Proximity-Detection Technology to Nudge for Physical Distancing in a Swedish Workplace During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Case Study","volume":"6","author":"Zetterholm","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomprou, M., Kim, Y.J., Chikersal, P., Woolley, A.W., and Dabbish, L.A. (2021). Speaking out of turn: How video conferencing reduces vocal synchrony and collective intelligence. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247655"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.84.3.445","article-title":"Effects of Interpersonal Trust 1 The Effects of Interpersonal Trust on Work Group Performance","volume":"84","author":"Dirks","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.4.772","article-title":"Trust Development, the GRIT Proposal, and the Effects of Conciliatory Acts on Conflict and Cooperation","volume":"85","author":"Lindskold","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-1005-4","article-title":"How honest are the signals? A protocol for validating wearable sensors","volume":"50","author":"Kayhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W., Seong, J.J., Ozlu, B., Shim, B.S., Marakhimov, A., and Lee, S. (2021). Biosignal Sensors and Deep Learning-Based Speech Recognition: A Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041399"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712307078653","article-title":"On the Collective Nature of Human Intelligence","volume":"15","author":"Pentland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adapt. Behav."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200411000-00003","article-title":"Patient Trust Is It Related to Patient-Centered Behavior of Primary Care Physicians?","volume":"42","author":"Fiscella","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gleichgerrcht, E., and Decety, J. (2013). Empathy in Clinical Practice: How Individual Dispositions, Gender, and Experience Moderate Empathic Concern, Burnout, and Emotional Distress in Physicians. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061526"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1109\/21.199457","article-title":"The role of mental models in team performance in complex systems","volume":"22","author":"Rouse","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.08.011","article-title":"Psychometric properties of an integrated assessment of technical and communication skills","volume":"197","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2018.02.017","article-title":"The influence of stress responses on surgical performance and outcomes: Literature review and the development of the surgical stress effects (SSE) framework","volume":"216","author":"Chrouser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001051","article-title":"The Impact of Operating Room Distractions on Stress, Workload, and Teamwork","volume":"261","author":"Wheelock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2009.07.036","article-title":"Factors compromising safety in surgery: Stressful events in the operating room","volume":"199","author":"Arora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2017.06.003","article-title":"Surgeons\u2019 and surgical trainees\u2019 acute stress in real operations or simulation: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Georgiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.04.009","article-title":"Practicality of using galvanic skin response to measure intraoperative physiologic autonomic activation in operating room team members","volume":"158","author":"Phitayakorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2014.08.036","article-title":"Relationship between physiologic and psychological measures of autonomic activation in operating room teams during a simulated airway emergency","volume":"209","author":"Phitayakorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00305","article-title":"Fast by Nature-How Stress Patterns Define Human Experience and Performance in Dexterous Tasks","volume":"2","author":"Pavlidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Comas, A., Synnes, K., Molina-Estren, D., Troncoso-Palacio, A., and Comas-Gonz\u00e1lez, Z. (2021). Correlation Analysis of Different Measurement Places of Galvanic Skin Response in Test Groups Facing Pleasant and Unpleasant Stimuli. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124210"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001162","article-title":"Stress among surgical attending physicians and trainees","volume":"81","author":"Joseph","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trauma Inj. Infect. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai, D., Thakkar, H.K., Rajput, S.S., Santamaria, J., Bhatt, C., and Roca, F. (2021). A Comprehensive Review on Seismocardiogram: Current Advancements on Acquisition, Annotation, and Applications. Mathematics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/math9182243"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Lukkarinen, S. (2023, October 01). Phonocardiography: Development of a Clinical System and Its Application to Screening for Paediatric Heart Murmurs. Available online: http:\/\/lib.tkk.fi\/Diss\/2012\/isbn9789526045511\/isbn9789526045511.pdf."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/R01","article-title":"Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"429","article-title":"On Spray-Electricity and Waterfall-Electricity","volume":"1919\u20131920","author":"Hogewind","year":"1919","journal-title":"Huygens Inst. R. Neth. Acad. Arts Sci. Proc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2361732","article-title":"Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography: A Review of Recent Advances","volume":"19","author":"Inan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1939.127.1.1","article-title":"Studies on the estimation of cardiac ouptut in man, and of abnormalities in cardiac function, from the heart\u2019s recoil and the blood\u2019s impacts; the ballistocardiogram","volume":"127","author":"Starr","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Leg. Content"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2829608","article-title":"Automatic Detection of Aortic Valve Opening Using Seismocardiography in Healthy Individuals","volume":"23","author":"Choudhary","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.07.007","article-title":"Impedance cardiography\u2014A rapid and cost-effective screening tool for cardiac disease","volume":"19","author":"Bour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadi, M.J., Lehtonen, E., Pankaala, M., Saraste, A., Vasankari, T., Teras, M., and Koivisto, T. (2016, January 16\u201320). Gyrocardiography: A new non-invasive approach in the study of mechanical motions of the heart. Concept, method and initial observations. Proceedings of the 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591126"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliev, I.T., Jekova, I.I., Tabakov, S.D., Koshtikova, K.G., and Iovev, S.T. (2019, January 12\u201314). Telemetry of Hospitalized High-Risk Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE XXVIII International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET), Sozopol, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ET.2019.8878494"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliev, I., Jekova, I., Tabakov, S., Koshtikova, K., Runev, N., and Manov, E. (2023, January 8\u201310). High-Risk Cardiac Patients\u2019 Follow-Up via Portable Telemonitoring Personal Analyzer: Applicability, Reliability and Accuracy. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine, Burgas, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-96638-6_33"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2019.08.015","article-title":"Electrode placement in electrocardiography smart garments: A review","volume":"57","author":"Soroudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2058812","article-title":"LOBIN: E-Textile and Wireless-Sensor-Network-Based Platform for Healthcare Monitoring in Future Hospital Environments","volume":"14","author":"Custodio","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2033053","article-title":"A Wearable ECG Acquisition System with Compact Planar-Fashionable Circuit Board-Based Shirt","volume":"13","author":"Yoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-010-9531-y","article-title":"A Novel Handheld Device for Use in Remote Patient Monitoring of Heart Failure Patients\u2014Design and Preliminary Validation on Healthy Subjects","volume":"36","author":"Pollonini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, X., Wu, X., Wang, J., Li, H., Cao, K., Cao, H., Zhong, K., and Yang, X. (2021). The Latest Progress and Development Trend in the Research of Ballistocardiography (BCG) and Seismocardiogram (SCG) in the Field of Health Care. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11198896"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/vibration2010005","article-title":"Recent Advances in Seismocardiography","volume":"2","author":"Taebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vibration"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Rienzo, M., Meriggi, P., Rizzo, F., Vaini, E., Faini, A., Merati, G., Parati, G., and Castiglioni, P. (September, January 30). A wearable system for the seismocardiogram assessment in daily life conditions. Proceedings of the 2011 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091058"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2405480","article-title":"A Wearable Patch to Enable Long-Term Monitoring of Environmental, Activity and Hemodynamics Variables","volume":"10","author":"Etemadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santucci, F., Presti, D.L., Massaroni, C., Schena, E., and Setola, R. (2022). Precordial Vibrations: A Review of Wearable Systems, Signal Processing Techniques, and Main Applications. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155805"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovangrandi, L., Inan, O.T., Wiard, R.M., Etemadi, M., and Kovacs, G.T. (September, January 30). Ballistocardiography\u2014A Method Worth Revisiting. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091062"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castiglioni, P., Meriggi, P., Rizzo, F., Vaini, E., Faini, A., Parati, G., Merati, G., and Di Rienzo, M. (September, January 30). Cardiac Sounds from a Wearable Device for Sternal Seismocardiography. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091063"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-013-0847-z","article-title":"Heart rate and heart rate variability as indirect markers of surgeons\u2019 intraoperative stress","volume":"87","author":"Rieger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presti, D.L., Gravina, R., Massaroni, C., Formica, D., Schena, E., and Fortino, G. (2021, January 16\u201317). A Multisensory Platform for Maximizing Collective Intelligence in the Operating Room. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CHASE52844.2021.00039"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50891","DOI":"10.2196\/50891","article-title":"The Feasibility and Reliability of Upper Arm\u2013Worn Apple Watch Heart Rate Monitoring for Surgeons During Surgery: Observational Study","volume":"10","author":"Yamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"145","article-title":"Development of The Spanish Edition of The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","volume":"5","author":"Natalicio","year":"1971","journal-title":"Interam. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0119-0","article-title":"Heart rate variability: A review","volume":"44","author":"Acharya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preejith, S.P., Dhinesh, R., Joseph, J., and Sivaprakasam, M. (2016, January 16\u201320). Wearable ECG platform for continuous cardiac monitoring. Proceedings of the 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7590779"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"23","article-title":"Respiratory rate and breathing pattern","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"McMaster Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21416","article-title":"Respiration rate monitoring methods: A review","volume":"46","author":"Saatchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01825.x","article-title":"Respiratory Rate: The Neglected Vital Sign","volume":"188","author":"Cretikos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318250aa5a","article-title":"Derivation of a cardiac arrest prediction model using ward vital signs*","volume":"40","author":"Churpek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicol\u00f2, A., Bazzucchi, I., Haxhi, J., Felici, F., and Sacchetti, M. (2014). Comparing Continuous and Intermittent Exercise: An \u201cIsoeffort\u201d and \u201cIsotime\u201d Approach. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094990"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2008.042424","article-title":"Breathing rhythms and emotions","volume":"93","author":"Homma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.2.125","article-title":"Physiological Changes During Carbon Dioxide Inhalation in Patients with Panic Disorder, Major Depression, and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Evidence for a Central Fear Mechanism","volume":"58","author":"Gorman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00551.2017","article-title":"Breathing above the brain stem: Volitional control and attentional modulation in humans","volume":"119","author":"Herrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2019.04.009","article-title":"Emotion Recognition from Physiological Signal Analysis: A Review","volume":"343","author":"Egger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzedzickis, A., Kaklauskas, A., and Bucinskas, V. (2020). Human Emotion Recognition: Review of Sensors and Methods. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030592"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicol\u00f2, A., Massaroni, C., Schena, E., and Sacchetti, M. (2020). The Importance of Respiratory Rate Monitoring: From Healthcare to Sport and Exercise. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216396"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massaroni, C., Nicol\u00f2, A., Presti, D.L., Sacchetti, M., Silvestri, S., and Schena, E. (2019). Contact-Based Methods for Measuring Respiratory Rate. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040908"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presti, D.L., Carnevale, A., D\u2019abbraccio, J., Massari, L., Massaroni, C., Sabbadini, R., Zaltieri, M., Di Tocco, J., Bravi, M., and Miccinilli, S. (2020). A Multi-Parametric Wearable System to Monitor Neck Movements and Respiratory Frequency of Computer Workers. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020536"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.3390\/s150203721","article-title":"Wearable Sensor Systems for Infants","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02348078","article-title":"Critical review of non-invasive respiratory monitoring in medical care","volume":"41","author":"Folke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1109\/10.544342","article-title":"Heat transfer evaluation of the nasal thermistor technique","volume":"43","author":"Storck","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee-Chiong, T. (2005). Sleep: A Comprehensive Handbook, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471751723"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2009.2021769","article-title":"Sensor Layer of a Multiparameter Single-Point Integrated System","volume":"3","author":"Chuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Goldberger, A. (2023, October 01). Clinical Validation of the ECG-Derived Respiration (EDR) Technique Fractal Physiology View Project Non-Linear Dynamics of Blood Pressure View project. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/245671704."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzanti, B., Lamberti, C., and De Bie, J. (2003, January 21\u201324). Validation of an ECG-derived respiration monitoring method. Proceedings of the Computers in Cardiology, Thessaloniki Chalkidiki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.2003.1291230"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanam, F.-T.-Z., Al-Naji, A., and Chahl, J. (2019). Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs in Diverse Non-Clinical and Clinical Scenarios Using Computer Vision Systems: A Review. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9204474"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, B., He, X., Zhang, C., and Wu, X. (2017). Non-contact, synchronous dynamic measurement of respiratory rate and heart rate based on dual sensitive regions. Biomed. Eng. Online, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0300-0"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/1\/100","article-title":"Video-based Respiration Monitoring with Automatic Region of Interest Detection","volume":"37","author":"Janssen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazari, G., Bobos, P., MacDermid, J.C., Sinden, K.E., Richardson, J., and Tang, A. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Zephyr bioharness device: A systematic review. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-018-0094-4"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nepi, D., Sbrollini, A., Agostinelli, A., Maranesi, E., Di Nardo, F., Fioretti, S., Pierleoni, P., Pernini, L., Valenti, S., and Burattini, L. (2016, January 11\u201314). Validation of the Heart: Rate Signal Provided by the Zephyr BioHarness 3.0. Proceedings of the 2016 Computing in Cardiology Conference (CinC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.22489\/CinC.2016.106-358"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1109\/10.951509","article-title":"Analysis of galvanic skin responses with principal components and clustering techniques","volume":"48","author":"Tarvainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"3147","article-title":"Emotion Recognition via Galvanic Skin Response: Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms and Feature Extraction Methods","volume":"17","author":"Ayata","year":"2017","journal-title":"IU-J. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"31","article-title":"Galvanic skin response data classification for emotion detection","volume":"8","author":"Setyohadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. IJECE"},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Tarvainen, M., Karjalainen, P., Koistinen, A., and Valkonen-Korhonen, M. (2000, January 23\u201328). Principal component analysis of galvanic skin responses. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Topoglu, Y., Watson, J., Suri, R., and Ayaz, H. (2019). Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01128","article-title":"Electrodermal Activity Is Sensitive to Cognitive Stress under Water","volume":"8","author":"Florian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1606-6","article-title":"Power Spectral Density Analysis of Electrodermal Activity for Sympathetic Function Assessment","volume":"44","author":"Florian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.8.21","article-title":"Two Components Involved in Galvanic Skin Response","volume":"8","author":"Nakayama","year":"1958","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"12447","article-title":"Galvanic Skin Response Measurement and Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.3390\/s120506075","article-title":"A Stress Sensor Based on Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Controlled by ZigBee","volume":"12","author":"Villarejo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-07239-2","article-title":"Effects of surgical flow disruptions on surgeons\u2019 resources: A pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2017.01.007","article-title":"Objective measurement of clini-cal competency in surgical education using electrodermal activity","volume":"74","author":"Quick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Educ."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.06.023","article-title":"Gait-based identification for elderly users in wearable healthcare systems","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7772","DOI":"10.3390\/s100807772","article-title":"A Review of Accelerometry-Based Wearable Motion Detectors for Physical Activity Monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Green, B. (June, January 31). Testing and Quantifying Collective Intelligence. Proceedings of the Collective Intelligence Conference, Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2005737118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005737118","article-title":"Quantifying collective intelligence in human groups","volume":"118","author":"Riedl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2843169","article-title":"An Edge-Based Architecture to Support Efficient Applications for Healthcare Industry 4.0","volume":"15","author":"Pace","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2014.03.005","article-title":"A framework for collaborative computing and multi-sensor data fusion in body sensor networks","volume":"22","author":"Fortino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/24\/9777\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:37:20Z","timestamp":1760132240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/24\/9777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s23249777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23249777","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]}}}