{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T07:30:25Z","timestamp":1781940625875,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA\u2019s Strategic Astrophysics Technology Program (SAT)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiation-induced damage and instabilities in back-illuminated silicon detectors have proved to be challenging in multiple NASA and commercial applications. In this paper, we develop a model of detector quantum efficiency (QE) as a function of Si\u2013SiO2 interface and oxide trap densities to analyze the performance of silicon detectors and explore the requirements for stable, radiation-hardened surface passivation. By analyzing QE data acquired before, during, and after, exposure to damaging UV radiation, we explore the physical and chemical mechanisms underlying UV-induced surface damage, variable surface charge, QE, and stability in ion-implanted and delta-doped detectors. Delta-doped CCD and CMOS image sensors are shown to be uniquely hardened against surface damage caused by ionizing radiation, enabling the stability and photometric accuracy required by NASA for exoplanet science and time domain astronomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1702898887000},"page":"9857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Surface Passivation by Quantum Exclusion: On the Quantum Efficiency and Stability of Delta-Doped CCDs and CMOS Image Sensors in Space"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Hoenk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-3769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"April D.","family":"Jewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Kyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Hennessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouleh","family":"Nikzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teledyne e2v, Chelmsford CM1 2QU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Lawrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teledyne e2v, Chelmsford CM1 2QU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1310-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesper","family":"Skottfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Electronic Imaging, School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine (2023). 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