{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T17:50:46Z","timestamp":1779213046368,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tubitak 2219 grant program","award":["1059B192100800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1059B192100800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic pain disorder characterized by myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). Quantitative ultrasound (US) techniques can be used to discriminate MTrPs from healthy muscle. In this study, 90 B-mode US images of upper trapezius muscles were collected from 63 participants (left and\/or right side(s)). Four texture feature approaches (individually and a combination of them) were employed that focused on identifying spots, and edges were used to explore the discrimination between the three groups: active MTrPs (n = 30), latent MTrPs (n = 30), and healthy muscle (n = 30). Machine learning (ML) and one-way analysis of variance were used to investigate the discrimination ability of the different approaches. Statistically significant results were seen in almost all examined features for each texture feature approach, but, in contrast, ML techniques struggled to produce robust discrimination. The ML techniques showed that two texture features (i.e., correlation and mean) within the combination of texture features were most important in classifying the three groups. This discrepancy between traditional statistical analysis and ML techniques prompts the need for further investigation of texture-based approaches in US for the discrimination of MTrPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1702898887000},"page":"9873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Identification of Myofascial Trigger Point Using the Combination of Texture Analysis in B-Mode Ultrasound with Machine Learning Classifiers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Shomal Zadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8662-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan G. L.","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Banu","family":"Dilek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0207-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Masani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Kumbhare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.03.009","article-title":"The Economic Costs of Pain in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Gaskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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