{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T09:10:01Z","timestamp":1777194601799,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Icelandic Centre for Research","award":["223033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and fast breath monitoring is of great importance for various healthcare applications, for example, medical diagnoses, studying sleep apnea, and early detection of physiological disorders. Devices meant for such applications tend to be uncomfortable for the subject (patient) and pricey. Therefore, there is a need for a cost-effective, lightweight, small-dimensional, and non-invasive device whose presence does not interfere with the observed signals. This paper reports on the fabrication of a highly sensitive human respiratory sensor based on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) fabricated by a top-down method of metal-assisted chemical-etching (MACE). Besides other important factors, reducing the final cost of the sensor is of paramount importance. One of the factors that increases the final price of the sensors is using gold (Au) electrodes. Herein, we investigate the sensor\u2019s response using aluminum (Al) electrodes as a cost-effective alternative, considering the fact that the electrode\u2019s work function is crucial in electronic device design, impacting device electronic properties and electron transport efficiency at the electrode\u2013semiconductor interface. Therefore a comparison is made between SiNWs breath sensors made from both p-type and n-type silicon to investigate the effect of the dopant and electrode type on the SiNWs respiratory sensing functionality. A distinct directional variation was observed in the sample\u2019s response with Au and Al electrodes. Finally, performing a qualitative study revealed that the electrical resistance across the SiNWs renders greater sensitivity to breath than to dry air pressure. No definitive research demonstrating the mechanism behind these effects exists, thus prompting our study to investigate the underlying process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23249901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1702904276000},"page":"9901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Application of p and n-Type Silicon Nanowires as Human Respiratory Sensing Device"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8771-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham","family":"Fakhri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Taha","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0713-4664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Manolescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland"}]},{"given":"Snorri","family":"Ingvarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1729-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halldor Gudfinnur","family":"Svavarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: A literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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