{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:57:46Z","timestamp":1781272666041,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-233050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-233050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, robotic exoskeletons are gaining attention for assisting industrial workers. The exoskeleton power source ranges from fully passive (FP) to fully active (FA), or a mixture of both. The objective of this experimental study was to assess the efficiency of a new active\u2013passive (AP) shoulder exoskeleton using statistical analyses of 11 quantitative measures from surface electromyography (sEMG) and kinematic data and a user survey for weight lifting tasks. Two groups of females and males lifted heavy kettlebells, while a shoulder exoskeleton helped them in modes of fully passive (FP), fully active (FA), and active\u2013passive (AP). The AP exoskeleton outperformed the FP and FA exoskeletons because the participants could hold the weighted object for nearly twice as long before fatigue occurred. Future developments should concentrate on developing sex-specific controllers as well as on better-fitting wearable devices for women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T01:19:42Z","timestamp":1703207982000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Experimental Study of Fully Passive, Fully Active, and Active\u2013Passive Upper-Limb Exoskeleton Efficiency: An Assessment of Lifting Tasks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4001-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Nasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1550-9777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clark R.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3908-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"McPhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2895","article-title":"Associations between work-related factors and specific disorders of the shoulder\u2014A systematic review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Huisstede","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. 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